三江平原草甸湿地土壤呼吸和枯落物分解的CO2释放

利用静态箱-碱液吸收法研究了三江平原草甸湿地土壤呼吸和枯落物分解的CO2释放速率,讨论了影响CO2释放的环境因素,估算了枯落物分解的CO2释放对于总释放的贡献.结果表明,生长季,小叶章沼泽化草甸和小叶章湿草甸各部分CO2释放均具有明显的时间变化特征,温度和水分是重要制约因素.两类草甸湿地的平均土壤呼吸速率分别为4.33g·m-2·d-1和6.15g·m-2·d-1,枯落物分解的CO2平均释放速率分别为1.76g·m-2·d-1和3.10g·m-2·d-1,枯落物分解的CO2释放占总释放量的31%和35%,说明在碳素由地上植物碳库转移到地下土壤碳库的过程中,湿地枯落物是一个不可忽略的碳损失源.     

Distribution and fate of anthropogenic nitrogen in the Calamagrostis angustifolia wetland ecosystem of Sanjiang Plain, Northeast China

Wetlands are important for the protection of water quality of rivers and lakes, especially those adjacent to agricultural landscapes, by intercepting and removing nutrients in runoff. In this study, the 15N tracer technique was applied to study the distribution and fate of anthropogenic nitrogen (15N-fertilizer) in Calamagrostis angustifolia Kom wetland plant-soil microcosms to identify the main ecological effects of it. 15NH415NO3 solution (14.93 mg N/L, 20.28 at.% 15N) was added to each microcosm of the first group, which was approximate to the current nitrogen concentration (CNC) of farm drainage, and 29.86 mg NIL 15NH415NO3 solution was added to another group, which was approximate to the double nitrogen concentration (DNC) of farm drainage, while no nitrogen (NN) was added to the third group. The results suggest that the Input of anthropogenic nitrogen has positive effects on the biomass and total nitrogen content of plant, and the positive effects will be elevated as the increase of its Input amount. The increase of 15N-fartilizer can also elevate its amounts and proportions in plant nitrogen. Soil nitrogen is still the main source of plant nitrogen, but its proportion will be reduced as the increase of 15N-fertilizer. The study of the fate of 15N-fartilizar indicates that, in CNC treatment, only a small proportion is water-dissolved (0.13±0.20%), a considerable proportion is soil-immobilized (17.02±8.62%), or plant-assimilated (23.70±0.92%), and most is lost by gaseous forms (59.15±8.35%). While in DNC treatment, about 0.09±0.15% is water-dissolved, 15.33±7.46% is soil-immobilized, 23.55±2.86% is plant-assimilated, and 61.01±5.59% is lost by gaseous forms. The double input of anthropogenic nitrogen can not elevate the proportions of plant-assimilation, soil-immobilization and water-dissolution,but it can enhance the gaseous losses.     

三江平原湿地生态脆弱性研究

建立了湿地生态脆弱性评价指标体系和方法,并利用该方法对三江平原湿地进行了评价,依据湿地生态特征和发展演化规律选择评价指标,利用层次分析法（AHP）进行指标权重,用综合指数法评价湿地生态脆弱性程度,实践表明该方法科学,实用,对湿地资源的合理利用与保护具有指导意义,具有推广价值。     

三江平原小叶章湿地生态系统硫的生物地球化学循环

以三江平原小叶章湿地生态系统为研究对象，应用分室模型研究了硫在大气-土壤-植物系统各分室中的分布及循环过程。结果表明，在植物-土壤系统内，土壤是主要的贮存库和流通介质，有97.78%的硫贮存在土壤中，且主要以有机硫的形态存在，2.22%的硫贮存在植物中。在植物亚系统中，根是主要的贮库，79.60%的硫贮存在根中。湿地植物地上部分吸收的总S量为0.75gS/m^2;向地下再转移的总S量为0.24gS/m^2，向枯落物S库转移的总S量为0.51gS/m^2;根吸收的总S量为3.76gS/m^2;根向土壤S库转移的总S量为3.07gS/m^2;现存枯落物中的总S量为0.75gS/m^2;枯落物向土壤S库的转移量最低为0.52gS/m^2·a。输入和输出过程的研究表明，小叶章湿地生态系统在生长季（5-9月份）向大气排放H2S的量为1.42mgS/m^2，从大气吸收COS的量为1.83mgS/m^2;通过大气降水输入到生态系统中的硫为4.85mgS/m^2，其差值为5.26mgS/m^2，这表明硫在小叶章湿地生态系统中处于累积状态，湿地存在潜在的酸化趋势。     

三江平原地区大豆根腐病病株上镰孢菌的分离鉴定

为了明确引起三江平原地区大豆根腐病的镰孢菌(Fusarium)种类及优势种群,对该地区大豆根腐病样本进行了采集。通过组织分离和形态学鉴定,共鉴定出6种镰孢菌,分别为木贼镰孢(F.equiseti)、尖孢镰孢(F.oxysporum)、芬芳镰孢(F.redolens)、半裸镰孢(F.semitectum)、腐皮镰孢(F.solani)和拟轮枝镰孢(F.verticillioides)。其中尖孢镰孢(F.oxysporum)的分离频率最高,达16.67%。对6种镰孢菌的形态学特征进行了描述。     

三江平原湿地同江地区水域夏季浮游植物群落结构特征

2012年6月对三江平原湿地同江地区水域浮游植物群落结构进行了初步研究。设置了13个采样点,生境类型包括大型开阔水体、小型封闭水体、湿地型水体以及河流型水体。结果在该水域发现浮游植物共计312个分类单位,包括276种33变种3变型,隶属于8门10纲21目36科92属。浮游植物细胞密度变化范围为2.68×104–2.53×106 cells·L–1。大型开阔水体种类丰富,细胞密度最大,以绿藻为优势种群;小型封闭水体中藻类的适应性强,群落结构最为复杂;湿地型水体受人为活动影响较大,发现了一些耐有机污染的种类;在河流型水体中,有一些适低温的隐藻出现并成为优势种,如啮蚀隐藻(Cryptomonas erosa)等。此外,在三江平原湿地同江地区还发现了大量β-中污染指示种类。经聚类和多维尺度分析,将不同采样点各生境水体的浮游植物群落分为4组。综合多样性指数表明,同江地区水域浮游植物群落结构较丰富且稳定性较好。     

三江平原沟渠土壤种子库特征及其与地上植被的关系

为了探究三江平原沟渠土壤种子库在湿地植物保护中的作用及其在湿地恢复中的潜力,该文采用幼苗萌发法与样方调查相结合的方法,对三江平原不同开挖年限沟渠的土壤种子库特征及其与地上植被的关系进行了研究。结果表明:沟渠具有较大规模的土壤种子库,边坡种子库显著大于底泥种子库,边坡种子库密度为8 973–25 000 seeds·m–2,底泥种子库密度为506–1 488 seeds·m–2。开挖10年、20年和30年的沟渠土壤种子库共有50种植物萌发,隶属于20科41属。开挖10年、20年和30年的沟渠土壤种子库萌发物种数分别为37种、34种和33种,地上植被物种数分别为25种、33种和22种。土壤种子库和相应地上植被的相似性系数分别为38.7%、35.8%和32.7%。随着植物群落演替的进行,地上植被的Simpson指数、Shannon-Wiener多样性指数和Pielou均匀度指数均逐渐增大。三江平原沟渠土壤种子库和地上植被中保存了大量湿地植物,表明沟渠具有保护植物物种多样性的作用,沟渠土壤种子库具有湿地恢复的潜力。随着沟渠开挖年限增加,沟渠植物群落呈现退化特征,建议对沟渠系统加强管理。     

Decomposition and nutrient dynamics of marsh litter in the Sanjiang Plain, Northeast China

The litterbag technique was used to study the decomposition and nutrient dynamics of marsh litter in the four communities, Carex pseudocuraica (C.pa), C. lasiocarpa (C.la), Deyeuxia angustifolia (D.aa), and D. angustifolia-Shrub (D.aa-Srb), in Sanjiang Plain, Northeast China. Decomposition was divided into two periods in the first year, with the mass loss ranging from 11.7% to 31.4% of the initial mass during summer and autumn, accounting for more than 75% of the annual loss. The decomposition rates ranged from 0.000 612 to 0.000 945 d^-1 depending on the depth of the flooding and its duration, and differed significantly in each community. The litter decomposed faster in communities with deeper and perennial flooding than in those with shallow and seasonal flooding. The initial ratios of C:N and C:P were also different among the four litter types, but these differences had no impact on the decomposition rates, suggesting that the main factor influencing the decomposition rates of marsh litter was the flooding status rather than the litter quality. The N concentrations in C.pa and C.la almost continuously increased over time, with their final values being 2.8 and 2.4 times higher than the initial ones, respectively. However, the nutrient dynamics in D.aa and D.aa-Srb offered another pattern, sharply falling in the first month and then gradually rising, with the values at the end of the experiment being close to those at the beginning. The litter accumulated substantial amounts of N in C.pa and C.la, while net N release from the litter was observed in both D.aa and D.aa-Srb. The difference may be caused by microorganisms' demand for nutrition, and then limited by the C:N ratios of litter and the availability of nitrogen from the soil and marsh water. In contrast with N dynamics, P concentrations of all the litter types apparently decreased during the first month, and then continued to decline in C.pa, remained constant in C.la and D.aa and increased slightly in D.aa-Srb. At the end of the experiment, the P concentrations decreased, respectively, by 56%, -5%, 47% and 24% of the initial values of C.la, C. pa, D.aa and D.aa-Srb. The net P release was observed in all marsh litter over 480 days of decomposition and the intensity of the P release was different amongst communities, which may be regulated by ratios of initial C:P. The results suggested that in the marsh with the N limitation, litter tended to accumulate N and release P during decomposition and the intensity of accumulation or release was closely related to the initial C:N and C:P ratios.     

三江平原沼泽湿地景观空间格局变化

景观空间格局是指大小和形状不一的景观斑块在空间上的排列,它是景观异质性的重要表现,同时又是各种生态过程在不同尺度上作用的结果。这一研究可为环境资源的合理管理提供有价值的资料,已成为景观生态学研究的核心之一。通过选取斑块连接指数、分布质心和扩展等模型,来表征三江平原沼泽湿地景观近20a来空间格局变化情况。结果表明：（1）三江平原沼泽湿地的破碎化较为严重,斑块数量增加了46％,斑块密度净增加2倍。与1980年相比,1996年最大斑块面积缩小了63.57％,最大斑块周长缩短了52.47％。（2）三江平原沼泽湿地斑块间隙在不同时期都较大,且随着沼泽湿地面积的减小和斑块数量的增加,其斑块间隙越来越大,进一步说明沼泽湿地的破碎化较为厉害。（3）1980-1996年间三江平原沼泽湿地的分布质心向西南方向偏移了7.05km,1996-2000年向西北方向偏移了6.01km。（4）1980、1996、2000年三江平原沼泽湿地的扩展度分别接近于14.222、11.101和11.262。其值都远大于1,说明斑块形状与圆形相差较大,形状不规则。近20a来,人类活动对沼泽湿地空间格局变化的影响程度较大,1980-1996年尤为明显,而在1996-2000年,由于采取了保护措施,其影响程度开始变弱。     

1954-2015年不同地貌分区下湿地农田化过程的时空特征——以完达山以北三江平原为例

以完达山以北三江平原（以下简称为小三江平原）为研究区,依据样带选择原则选取具有湿地农田化典型性的区域（即典型样带）。在地质地貌分区的基础上,基于特定历史时期的土地利用/覆被数据集构建长时间序列的耕地和沼泽湿地动态变化数据集,利用RS和GIS技术分析小三江平原典型样带内湿地农田化的时空变化规律,探究近60年小三江平原内湿地农田化的区位特征,结果表明：（1）1954-2015年,小三江平原的耕地面积显著增加,垦殖率达到了79.47%,耕地结构发生了显著的变化;（2）小三江平原湿地农田化具有明显的历史阶段性：在改革开放之前（1954-1976年）湿地农田化程度不是很大,改革开放初期（1976-1985年）开始发生明显的湿地农田化,到全面改革开放期（1985-1995年）湿地农田化程度加重,在改革开放转型期（1995-2005年）湿地农田化最严重,在深化改革开放期（2005-2015年）湿地农田化程度有所减小;（3）区域大的自然背景决定了小三江平原湿地农田化整体趋势：1954-2015年间,小三江平原湿地农田化最初发生在中幅度沉降第四纪缓慢上升区,逐步扩展到大幅度沉降第四纪缓慢沉降区和小幅度沉降第四纪缓慢上升区;（4）小三江平原湿地农田化具有明显的地貌区位特征：湿地农田化最初发生在冲积平原上,然后扩展到河流低阶地和高河漫滩上,随着时间的推移逐步扩展到低河漫滩和微高地上,最后蔓延到洼地上。