三峡库区特有植物疏花水柏枝的调查研究

疏花水柏枝是三峡大坝建成后唯一１种痊全部被淹没的库区特有植物物种。在实地系统调查的基础上,阐述了疏花水柏枝的形态特征,分布现状,生长环境和群落结构等特点;从生物学,生态学角度分析了它在长江沿岸消涨带内汛期被洪水淹没的生长特性。     

Assessing the conservation status of the strict endemic Desertas wolf spider,Hogna ingens (Araneae,Lycosidae)

The Desertas Islands (Madeira, Portugal) are the sole home of one of the largest and rarest wolf spider species, Hogna ingens (Blackwall 1857) (Araneae, Lycosidae). Despite its size, it inhabits a single valley in the North of the Deserta Grande Island, Vale da Castanheira, currently invaded by the herb Phalaris aquatica. This invasive species competes with the native flora and was subject to several eradication experiments, namely through fire and chemicals. The objectives of this work were to: (1) estimate the current distribution and abundance of H. ingens and respective trends; (2) evaluate the impact of the invasive plant and eradication methods on the spider population; (3) suggest future measures for the recovery of the species; and (4) evaluate its conservation status according to the IUCN criteria.The current distribution of H. ingens covers 23 ha, a recent reduction from its original 83 ha, corresponding to the entire Vale da Castanheira. A total of 4447 and 4086 adults and 71,832 and 24,635 juveniles were estimated to live in the valley during 2011 and 2012, respectively. We found a significant negative impact of P. aquatica cover on the presence and abundance of H. ingens and that chemical treatment specifically directed towards the invasive plant species may be the only way to effectively recover the spider's habitat. We suggest (1) regular monitoring; (2) extend chemical treatments; (3) ex-situ conservation with future reintroduction of adults. Based on the current area of occupancy (AOO) of H. ingens and its recent decline in both AOO and number of individuals, it was recently classified as Critically Endangered by IUCN and we suggest its urgent inclusion in the Habitats Directive species lists.     

江西特有植物区系、地理分布及生活型研究

对江西特有植物的种类、区系成分、地理分布、生活型进行了研究,并绘制了江西特有植物分布图。研究结果表明,江西省内共有124种特有植物分布,隶属于40科60属,以鳞毛蕨科Dryopteridaceae、蔷薇科Rosaceae、槭树科Aceraceae、山茶科Theaceae、金星蕨科Thelypteridaceae、禾本科Gramineae、木兰科Magnoliaceae等类群最为集中;区系组成上以热带-亚热带成分与温带成分并重,两种类型的区系成分所占比重为76.5%,构成江西特有植物区系的主体;特有植物省内分布不均衡,明显呈现出庐山、井冈山、南岭山地、武夷山四大分布中心;特有植物生活型分析显示,多年生草本植物、落叶乔木、落叶灌木3种类型为生活型谱的主体。     

张氏的食性分析

为分析长江上游干支流梯级水利开发对张氏(Hemiculter tchangi Fang)的生态效应,在已对该鱼繁殖生物学、年龄与生长和形态性状进行研究的基础上,对张氏食性进行分析。针对采自四川省合江县的张氏样本,探究其食物组成;并分别比较不同季节、不同年龄组别、性腺不同发育期的样本的摄食状况。结果显示:张氏是偏动物性食性的杂食性鱼类。摄食双翅目昆虫(蚊蝇幼虫)、草本植物及种子、藻类、环节动物门寡毛纲(水蚯蚓)、膜翅目昆虫、甲壳类、枝角类、鞘翅目昆虫、贝类以及小鱼、鱼卵、幼蛙等。动物性饵料在夏季出现次数百分比最高,冬季最低;而藻类在冬季出现百分比高于其他季节。平均充塞度和摄食率均以春季为最高,秋季最低。在14龄鱼中,摄食率随着年龄的增加而增大。对于雌鱼而言,处于Ⅱ期的鱼类个体肠道内食物平均充塞度高于其他各期;而对于雄鱼,处于不同性腺发育期的样本,平均充塞度和摄食率则无规律性变动。在其繁殖季节59月期间,未出现停止摄食的现象,平均充塞度和摄食率处于中等水平。       

Cephaloziella tahora Bever. & Glenny,a new species of Cephaloziella (Jungermanniopsida,Cephaloziellaceae) from eastern Taranaki,New Zealand

Cephaloziella tahora, a new species of Cephaloziella is described and illustrated from a lowland forest habitat in eastern Taranaki in the North Island of New Zealand. It has similarities to six other New Zealand species of Cephaloziella, and appears closest in New Zealand to Cephaloziella aenigmatica R.M.Schust. It is defined by a unique combination of features and distinguished from C. aenigmatica and other New Zealand species by having entire, distant leaves that reach the dorsal stem mid-line, and have large conspicuous hemispherical and hemi-ellipsoidal papillae, underleaves on gemmiparous and gynoecial shoots, and by its dioecy. The addition brings the number of New Zealand species of Cephaloziella to 18, 12 of which are endemic to New Zealand.     

Germination responses of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Erica andevalensis</Emphasis> to different chemical and physical treatments

Erica andevalensis Cabezudo & Rivera is a threatened edaphic endemic species of Andalusia (SW Spain). Under natural conditions, the plants produce a very large number of small seeds (0.3–0.4 mm) but very few seedlings survive. Different treatments (high temperature, cold pre-treatment, nitrogen salts, and gibberellic acid applications) were tested to assess germination patterns in different populations and to determinate the most favorable conditions for germination. Gibberellic acid was provided in five different concentrations from 0 to 400 ppm GA₃, while nitrogen was applied as 10 mM of either KNO₃ or NH₄NO₃. The effect of pH on germination was also tested. The species always showed a low germination rate (6.50–22%) that was not stimulated either by 1 or 4 months in dry cold pre-treatment, nitrogen application, acid pH medium, or by high temperature (80°C for 10 min); although gibberellic acid application (100–400 ppm) significantly enhanced germination. The highest percentage of germination (41.6%) was achieved with a mean germination time to start germination (t ₀) of 7.6 ± 0.54 days when the seeds were subjected to 400 ppm gibberellic acid treatment. The population origin did not have a significant effect on germination percentage.     

Mitochondrial haplotype variability of brown trout populations from Northwestern Iberian Peninsula,a secondary contact area between lineages

Previous studies using mitochondrial markers and microsatellites revealed a new highly differentiated Atlantic lineage of brown trout in the Iberian Peninsula mainly confined to the Upper Duero Basin. Data suggest that Duero lineage (DU) hybridizes with previously described Atlantic (AT) lineages in that basin. However, nuclear and cytogenetic data suggest another hybrid zone between divergent lineages might be present in the Miño Basin, another Atlantic drainage located to the north. Here, we extend those studies by analyzing the mitochondrial haplotype variability of brown trout populations from northwestern Spain, a poorly studied area, to obtain an accurate picture of the distribution of DU. Results show that the DU haplotype is fixed in several isolated populations from the upper course of the Miño River and its main tributary the Sil River. DU haplotype co-occurs with two related AT haplotypes in the Miño Basin revealing a new secondary contact zone. The identification of both longtime stable populations of DU and several other populations showing introgression with widespread AT lineages will be useful for the management and conservation of such an endemic lineage.     

Using Endemic Plant Species to Establish Critical Habitats in the Sierra de La Laguna Biosphere Reserve, Baja California Sur, Mexico

The Sierra de La Laguna, in the southern part of the state of Baja California Sur, Mexico, was decreed a biosphere reserve in 1994. It harbors relict plant communities with a high level of endemism. Floristic research has established that the two main communities, the oak–pine woodland (OPW) and the dry tropical forest (TDF), harbor 43 and 33 endemic species, respectively. We segregate the reserve surface into seven major habitats and each endemic species were assigned a hierarchic value into an abundance-distribution scale, useful as dominance ranking. Using such scale, we found that almost half of the species are in the lowest rank (low abundance and aggregate distribution). Using GIS, we obtain the surface for each habitat, where mountainsides represent the largest in the reserve area. We obtained an index of importance from the proportion of endemic species by habitat and its surface occupied, founding that, in spite of the small and fragmented nature of the upland riparian habitats, they have the greatest index value. Consequently, for future conservation plans in the reserve, these habitats should be considered remarkable sites, meriting better attention to ensure endemic plant preservation. Also, since 86% of the endemic species appear in one, two or three habitats, a high dependency on particular environmental conditions is suggested for them.