Glucosinolates and biofumigation: fate of glucosinolates and their hydrolysis products in soil

The bioactive hydrolysis products of glucosinolates, particularly the isothiocyanates, can be used to control soil pests and weeds by incorporating glucosinolate-containing plant material in soil—a practice known as biofumigation. The fate of glucosinolates and their hydrolysis products in soil determines both the efficacy and environmental impact of biofumigation. Knowledge of the processes by which these compounds are sorbed, degraded or otherwise lost from the soil is fundamental to developing effective, but environmentally benign biofumigation strategies. Effective biofumigation relies on maximum hydrolysis of the glucosinolate in the plant tissue to generate high isothiocyanate concentrations in the soil after incorporation. This is favoured by maximum cell disruption, by addition of water, and a high soil temperature. Residual glucosinolates are very weakly sorbed, readily leached and are microbially degraded and mineralised in soil. In contrast, isothiocyanates are strongly sorbed by the organic matter in soil, react strongly with nucleophilic groups present in soil, and are prone to volatilization losses in addition to microbial degradation and mineralisation. These loss processes are influenced by soil type, water content and temperature. Using appropriate incorporation strategies, sufficiently high isothiocyanate concentrations (>100 nmol g⁻¹) can be achieved in soil using biofumigation for effective suppression of susceptible pests. The relatively rapid sorption and degradation of the isothiocyanates in the period of days after incorporation minimizes the risks of persistence in the environment or leaching. Biofumigation is therefore a promising technique which can be further developed to form part of IPM (Integrated Pest Management) strategies to reduce reliance on synthetic pesticides with minimal unintended impacts on the environment.     

Management of Lesion Nematodes and Potato Early Dying with Rotation Crops

Soil-incorporated rotation/green manure crops were evaluated for management of potato early dying caused by Verticillium dahliae and Pratylenchus penetrans. After two years of rotation/green manure and a subsequent potato crop, P. penetrans numbers were less after ‘Saia’ oat/‘Polynema’ marigold, ‘Triple S’ sorghum-sudangrass, or ‘Garry’ oat than ‘Superior’ potato or ‘Humus’ rapeseed. The area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC) for early dying was lowest after Saia oat/marigold, and tuber yields were greater than continuous potato after all crops except sorghum-sudangrass. Saia oat/marigold crops resulted in the greatest tuber yields. After one year of rotation/green manure, a marigold crop increased tuber yields and reduced AUDPC and P. penetrans. In the second potato crop after a single year of rotation, plots previously planted to marigolds had reduced P. penetrans densities and AUDPC and increased tuber yield. Rapeseed supported more P. penetrans than potato, but had greater yields. After two years of rotation/green manure crops and a subsequent potato crop, continuous potato had the highest AUDPC and lowest tuber weight. Rotation with Saia oats (2 yr) and Rudbeckia hirta (1 yr) reduced P. penetrans and increased tuber yields. AUDPC was lowest after R. hirta. Two years of sorghum-sudangrass did not affect P. penetrans, tuber yield or AUDPC. These results demonstrate that P. penetrans may be reduced by one or two years of rotation to non-host or antagonistic plants such as Saia oat, Polynema marigold, or R. hirta and that nematode control may reduce the severity of potato early dying.     

Stimulation of N2O emission by manure application to agricultural soils may largely offset carbon benefits: a global meta‐analysis

Animal manure application as organic fertilizer does not only sustain agricultural productivity and increase soil organic carbon (SOC) stocks, but also affects soil nitrogen cycling and nitrous oxide (N₂O) emissions. However, given that the sign and magnitude of manure effects on soil N₂O emissions is uncertain, the net climatic impact of manure application in arable land is unknown. Here, we performed a global meta‐analysis using field experimental data published in peer‐reviewed journals prior to December 2015. In this meta‐analysis, we quantified the responses of N₂O emissions to manure application relative to synthetic N fertilizer application from individual studies and analyzed manure characteristics, experimental duration, climate, and soil properties as explanatory factors. Manure application significantly increased N₂O emissions by an average 32.7% (95% confidence interval: 5.1–58.2%) compared to application of synthetic N fertilizer alone. The significant stimulation of N₂O emissions occurred following cattle and poultry manure applications, subsurface manure application, and raw manure application. Furthermore, the significant stimulatory effects on N₂O emissions were also observed for warm temperate climate, acid soils (pH < 6.5), and soil texture classes of sandy loam and clay loam. Average direct N₂O emission factors (EFs) of 1.87% and 0.24% were estimated for upland soils and rice paddy soils receiving manure application, respectively. Although manure application increased SOC stocks, our study suggested that the benefit of increasing SOC stocks as GHG sinks could be largely offset by stimulation of soil N₂O emissions and aggravated by CH₄ emissions if, particularly for rice paddy soils, the stimulation of CH₄ emissions by manure application was taken into account.     

施用有机肥对高砷红壤中小白菜砷吸收的影响

通过盆栽试验,研究了施用猪粪和鸡粪条件下红壤中的砷对小白菜生长和吸收的影响及土壤有效态砷含量的变化.结果表明：向高砷红壤中施用猪粪和鸡粪两种有机肥均使小白菜的生物量有不同程度的增加,其中,施用猪粪处理的小白菜生物量显著高于对照处理(P<0.05);猪粪和鸡粪两种有机肥的施用可导致土壤有效砷含量明显提高,施用猪粪后土壤有效砷含量增幅达394.9%～1033.6%,而施用鸡粪的土壤有效砷含量增幅为30.4%～94.1%; 施用有机肥明显促进了小白菜对砷的吸收,其中猪粪处理下小白菜的砷吸收量比对照增加20.7%～53.9%. 根据本研究结果,对砷含量较高的高风险农田,施用猪粪、鸡粪等有机肥可能会在一定程度上提高土壤有效砷含量和作物对砷的吸收量,使农产品质量和环境风险增加.     

不同沼液用量对夏玉米源库代谢关键酶及产量的影响

以玉米杂交种郑单958为材料,研究了3个不同沼液用量（15000、22500、30000 kg·hm^-2）对夏玉米源库代谢关键酶和产量构成因素的影响.结果表明：与对照和施氮肥相比,田间浇灌沼液不仅可提高夏玉米地上部干物质量、叶面积指数和叶绿素含量,而且可提高叶片中硝酸还原酶（NR）、谷氨酰胺合成酶（GS）、蔗糖磷酸合成酶（SPS）和籽粒中蔗糖合成酶（SS）活性,从而显著增加了玉米穗粗、穗长、穗行数、穗粒数、穗粒重、千粒重和单位面积产量.在3个沼液用量中,以22500 kg·hm^-2处理(拔节期、大口期、抽雄期各追施7500 kg·hm^-2)对提高玉米酶活性和产量的效果最好,其产量可达14006.7 kg·hm^-2,比对照增产40.7％.     

长期施肥对双季稻区红壤性水稻土质量的影响及其评价

为量化27年连续施用化肥及其与猪粪、稻草配施处理对双季稻区土壤质量的影响,选择土壤容重、最大持水量、孔隙度、标准化平均质量直径、pH、阳离子交换量、有效养分、土壤有机质、微生物生物量碳、土壤酶和作物生产力等项目作为评价指标,并根据不同指标所具有的功能归纳为：抗物理退化的能力、养分供应和贮藏的能力、抗生物化学退化的能力、保持作物生产力的能力4项功能,以这4项功能为基础划分土壤质量指数(SQI).结果表明：SQI等级范围为0.544（CK）～0.729（施氮磷钾肥＋稻草处理）.与施氮磷钾肥（NPK）处理土壤相比,长期非均衡施肥的PK、NP、NK处理土壤质量发生了退化.土壤缺磷和缺钾是限制水稻生产力的主要因素,即使每年施用30 t·hm^-2猪粪或4.2 t·hm^-2稻草也不能达到满足高产水稻所需要的土壤磷、钾含量水平.长期施用石灰对红壤水稻土质量的提升效果不明显.在南方红壤水稻种植区,氮、磷、钾与有机肥配施是提升土壤质量的最佳措施.     

畜禽粪便堆肥过程中酶活性及微生物数量的变化研究

实验选取鸡粪和猪粪进行好氧堆肥发酵,研究畜禽粪便腐熟过程中酶活性和微生物的变化趋势以及相互联系。结果表明:过氧化氢酶活性和纤维素酶活性在堆肥初期较高,随后迅速降低,最终过氧化氢酶维持在9~12ml/g之间,纤维素酶维持在12.37~15.07mg/(kg·h)之间,而脲酶活性变化趋势为"升高-降低-升高"。细菌数量变化趋势为"低-高-低";放线菌为"高-低";真菌为"高-低-高"。通过相关分析发现,放线菌可能是影响堆肥中过氧化氢酶和纤维素酶的关键因素。鸡粪中放线菌与过氧化氢酶呈极显著正相关;猪粪中放线菌与过氧化氢酶和纤维素酶呈显著正相关;鸡粪+猪粪中放线菌与过氧化氢酶和纤维素酶呈极显著正相关。     

有机肥替代部分化肥对长期连作棉田产量、土壤微生物数量及酶活性的影响

施用有机物是作物增产、增加土壤有机质和改善土壤生物学性状的有效措施。在大田滴灌条件下,采用土壤酶学和微生物平板培养方法,研究了常规施肥(CF)减量20%—40%,配施3000、6000 kg/hm2有机类肥料对棉花产量、土壤微生物数量及土壤酶活性的影响。结果表明:降低CF用量20%—40%情况下,滴灌棉田配施3000、6000 kg/hm2的有机类肥料可获得与CF处理相持平的产量(4945—4978 kg/hm2),有机肥和生物有机肥配施处理间的棉花产量差异不显著(P0.05)。细菌、放线菌和假单胞杆菌数量均随有机肥用量的增加而升高,不同类有机肥配施间表现为OF+BFBFOF;真菌数量则随有机肥施量升高而降低,其中OF+BF配施处理最为显著。有机无机肥配施显著提高了土壤酶活性,80%CF和60%CF与有机肥配施处理土壤碱性磷酸酶、荧光素二乙酸酯酶(FDA)、β-葡萄糖苷酶和脱氢酶的活性比CF处理分别升高了3.8%、17%、18%、55%和10.1%、19%、20%、60%,不同类型有机肥对土壤酶活性影响差异不显著。土壤细菌/真菌比、土壤放线菌/真菌和假单胞杆菌/真菌比均随有机肥施量的增加而升高,施用化肥或有机肥均显著降低了假单胞杆菌/细菌比。细菌、放线菌和假单胞杆菌数量与土壤脱氢酶、β-葡萄糖苷酶、碱性磷酸酯酶和荧光素二乙酸酯酶活性均呈显著或极显著正相关,真菌数量与4种酶活性呈负相关。CF减量20%—40%配施以3000、6000 kg/hm2有机肥不仅不会导致棉花减产,而且对提高土壤酶活性、调节土壤细菌、真菌、放线菌群落组成结构,改善北疆绿洲滴灌棉田土壤生物学性状有显著作用。     

利用Chlorella vulgaris C9-JN2010去除蓝藻-猪粪沼液废水中氮磷的研究

利用普通小球藻Chlorella vugaris C9-JN2010处理蓝藻-猪粪沼液废水,以实现废水无害化利用。实验考察了氮磷比和沼液浓度对小球藻生长及处理废水效果的影响,结果表明:在氮磷比(20:1)和沼液浓度(5%)条件下培养小球藻,藻细胞生长和废水处理效果最佳,最高细胞干重及生产强度分别为900.1 mg·L~(-1)和85.1 mg·L~(-1)·d~(-1),废水中总氮、总磷、氨氮的去除率分别为84.6%、95.9%和90.5%,对应去除强度分别为5.43 mg·L~(-1)·d~(-1)、0.30 mg·L~(-1)·d~(-1)和4.75 mg·L~(-1)·d~(-1)。利用小球藻可较彻底的去除蓝藻-猪粪沼液废水中氮、磷等营养,达到污水处理效果。     

抑氨菌筛选鉴定、培养条件优化及在鸡粪除臭中的应用

目的筛选能抑制鸡粪中恶臭气体NH3释放的亚硝化、硝化细菌菌株。方法以亚硝化、硝化细菌培养基为筛选培养基筛选菌株,然后将菌株分别以10%(v/m,下同)的接种量接种到鸡粪中,测定其对鸡粪中NH3释放量的影响,从中筛选出可减少NH3释放的菌株。根据菌株的形态特征和16S rDNA序列分析对其进行鉴定。通过自动发酵系统对菌株培养温度、pH、通气量及转速四个因素进行正交优化。结果通过筛选得到两株细菌YF1和YS2,经鉴定分别为假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas sp.)和中华根瘤菌属(Sinorhizobium sp.)。菌株YF1最适培养条件为温度28℃,pH 7.0,通气量5 L/min,转速200 r/min;菌株YS2最适培养条件为温度30℃,pH6.5,通气量5 L/min,转速300 r/min。温度、pH、接种量和通气量对YF1、YS2影响均极显著(P0.01)。YF1和YS2单独按10%剂量接种分别使鸡粪中NH3的释放量降低26.0%和28.4%,而两菌1∶1混合接种可使NH3释放量降低75.6%。结论 YF1和YS2是抑制鸡粪中NH3释放的优良菌株。