The response of sorghum and sunflower to short-term waterlogging

Summary The effect of waterlogging on water use and nutrient uptake in sunflower and sorghum was investigated in relation to stage of development of the crops and the timing and duration of waterlogging. Waterlogging at the vegetative and floral initiation stages of plant growth induced a reduction in water use of sunflower, with corresponding declines in leaf expansion and leaf water potential; in sorghum, the transpiration rates were much lower than for sunflower and relatively unaffected by waterlogging. Waterlogging at anthesis, however, caused an immediate reduction in water use in sunflower with a similar but delayed effect in sorghum. The differences in response of these two species are discussed in relation to the relative importance of water stress and nutrient uptake. Plant analysis at maturity indicated that waterlogging at any growth stage reduced both total and seed phosphorus in sunflower; similar effects were recorded with sorghum, with the exception of anthesis waterlogging which did not reduce nutrient uptake. Waterlogging effects on plant potassium levels were variable.     

氮肥后移对花后受渍冬小麦灌浆特性及产量构成的影响

2010～2012年连续2个生长季,以小麦品种‘烟农19’为材料,大田试验按基肥∶拔节肥∶孕穗肥比例设为氮肥处理N1(10∶0∶0)、N2(7∶3∶0)、N3(5∶5∶0)、N4(3∶5∶2),采用多项式、Logistic方程拟合不同氮肥运筹对花后受渍冬小麦灌浆期籽粒体积与干重变化过程,研究不同氮肥运筹对花后受渍冬小麦灌浆特性及产量构成的影响.结果表明:(1)两年度间各指标变化趋势基本一致,故各指标结果按其两年度平均值计算.(2)花后渍水使冬小麦籽粒体积减小11.8％,灌浆速率降低15.4％,灌浆历期缩短9.2％,千粒重降低20.9％,穗粒数减少7.0％,籽粒产量降低26.6％,而对穗数无显著影响.相对于氮肥全部作为基肥处理N1,氮肥后移处理N2、N3、N1的小麦籽粒体积分别增加10.2％、15.0％、19.4％,灌浆速率分别提高8.5％、16.0％、18.2％,灌浆历期分别延长5.0％、9.4％、11.5％,千粒重分别增加11.9％、20.2％ 、25.6％,穗粒数分别增加7.9％、12.3％、14.6％,产量分别提高18.1％ 、29.6％、37.6％,而穗数分别降低2.2％、3.8％、4.3％.(3)各灌浆参数与冬小麦籽粒产量的关联度表明,花后渍水逆境对灌浆速率的影响大于对灌浆历期的影响,氮肥后移主要通过提高小麦中后期灌浆速率缓解渍水逆境胁迫伤害.研究认为,在花后土壤受渍冬小麦生产区,生产中可获得最高小麦产量的最佳氮肥运筹模式为N4(3∶5∶2)处理.     

三种冬青属树种的耐涝性和耐旱性评价

通过致死性干旱和致死性水涝处理,用生理生态方法,对冬青(Ilexchinensis)、绿冬青(I.viridis)和无刺枸骨(I.cornatavar.fortunei)进行抗逆性研究。耐涝性结果表明随淹水时间延长,3种受淹冬青体内的游离脯氨酸和丙二醛含量增加,净光合速率下降;比较而言,绿冬青上述受淹反应出现早,无刺枸骨出现迟,而冬青介于二者之间;绿冬青耐涝约1周,无刺枸骨耐涝2周以上,冬青耐涝介于二者之间,在江南水乡推广利用,耐涝方面不会成为限制因素。耐旱结果表明随干旱的逐渐加重,3种冬青体内的游离脯氨酸含量呈上升趋势,比较而言,绿冬青上升的峰值出现早,冬青和无刺枸骨的上升峰值出现迟;绿冬青耐旱约15d,无刺枸骨耐旱约25d,冬青介于二者之间。3种冬青均有一定的抗逆性,其中无刺枸骨对水胁迫的适应能力最强,冬青次之,而绿冬青相对较弱。     

木榄幼苗对淹水胁迫的生长和生理反应

在搭建于广西英罗湾红树林外裸滩的试验平台上设置8个海面高程组,研究全日潮海区潮汐淹水胁迫对木榄(Bruguiera gymnorrhiza)幼苗的生长和生理影响.幼苗立地基质平面的海面高程为320～390 cm,相邻高程组相差10 cm,幼苗培养时间为1 a.结果表明:小高程和大高程处理均促进木榄幼苗茎高度的增长,中等高程则起抑制作用;中等高程组幼苗茎节数稍少;叶数、叶面积与叶保存率均随淹水程度加大而急剧下降;小高程生境对叶片叶绿素含量的促进作用较微弱,而大高程生境更有利于叶绿素含量上升;但较长时间的淹水胁迫使叶绿素a/b比值反而较高;小高程处理均促使叶片和根系中超氧物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化物酶(POD)酶活性增强,同一高程组的木榄幼苗根系中超氧物歧化酶和过氧化物酶酶活性均高于叶片的数倍;较大高程生境更有利于木榄幼苗生物量累积,尤其是叶生物量,同时随着淹水程度的加大,新生器官中生物量分配比例由叶向茎转移;所有高程组均有一些幼苗死亡,海面高程越小幼苗存活率越低,由73.6%下降到35.0%.综合考虑,建议北部湾海区木榄胚轴造林的宜林临界线高程不低于当地平均海面以上21 cm.     

Sensitivity of chickpea and faba bean to root‐zone hypoxia,elevated ethylene,and carbon dioxide

During soil waterlogging, plants experience O₂ deficits, elevated ethylene, and high CO₂ in the root‐zone. The effects on chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) and faba bean (Vicia faba L.) of ethylene (2 μL L^?1), CO₂ (2–20% v/v) or deoxygenated stagnant solution were evaluated. Ethylene and high CO₂ reduced root growth of both species, but O₂ deficiency had the most damaging effect and especially so for chickpea. Chickpea suffered root tip death when in deoxygenated stagnant solution. High CO₂ inhibited root respiration and reduced growth, whereas sugars accumulated in root tips, of both species. Gas‐filled porosity of the basal portion of the primary root of faba bean (23%, v/v) was greater than for chickpea (10%), and internal O₂ movement was more prominent in faba bean when in an O₂‐free medium. Ethylene treatment increased the porosity of roots. The damaging effects of low O₂, such as death of root tips, resulted in poor recovery of root growth upon reaeration. In conclusion, ethylene and high CO₂ partially inhibited root extension in both species, but low O₂ in deoxygenated stagnant solution had the most damaging effect, even causing death of root tips in chickpea, which was more sensitive to the low O₂ condition than faba bean.     

大田淹水对夏玉米叶片衰老特性的影响

选用登海605(DH605)和郑单958(ZD958)为试验材料,在大田条件下研究了不同淹水时期(三叶期、拔节期和开花后10 d)和持续时间(3 d、6 d)淹水对夏玉米叶片衰老特性的影响.研究表明: 淹水胁迫后超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)和过氧化物酶(POD)等保护酶活性以及可溶性蛋白含量较不淹水对照显著下降,而丙二醛(MDA)含量显著升高,三叶期淹水6 d后DH605和ZD958的含量较对照分别升高35.3%和34.1%.淹水胁迫后叶片叶绿素含量降低,产量显著下降.三叶期淹水6 d对夏玉米产量的影响最大,DH605和ZD958较对照分别减产32.1%和35.2%.不同生育期中,三叶期淹水造成的影响最大,拔节期次之,开花后10 d淹水造成的影响较小,且影响程度随淹水持续时间的延长而加剧.     

High phenotypic plasticity of Suaeda maritima observed under hypoxic conditions in relation to its physiological basis

Background and Aims

Phenotypic plasticity, the potential of specific traits of a genotype to respond to different environmental conditions, is an important adaptive mechanism for minimizing potentially adverse effects of environmental fluctuations in space and time. Suaeda maritima shows morphologically different forms on high and low areas of the same salt marsh. Our aims were to examine whether these phenotypic differences occurred as a result of plastic responses to the environment. Soil redox state, indicative of oxygen supply, was examined as a factor causing the observed morphological and physiological differences.

Methods

Reciprocal transplantation of seedlings was carried out between high and low marsh sites on a salt marsh and in simulated tidal-flow tanks in a glasshouse. Plants from the same seed source were grown in aerated or hypoxic solution, and roots were assayed for lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and alcohol dehydrogenase, and changes in their proteome.

Key Results

Transplanted (away) seedlings and those that remained in their home position developed the morphology characteristic of the home or away site. Shoot Na⁺, Cl⁻ and K⁺ concentrations were significantly different in plants in the high and low marsh sites, but with no significant difference between home and away plants at each site. High LDH activity in roots of plants grown in aeration and in hypoxia indicated pre-adaptation to fluctuating root aeration and could be a factor in the phenotypic plasticity and growth of S. maritima over the full tidal range of the salt marsh environment. Twenty-six proteins were upregulated under hypoxic conditions.

Conclusions

Plasticity of morphological traits for growth form at extremes of the soil oxygenation spectrum of the tidal salt marsh did not correlate with the lack of physiological plasticity in the constitutively high LDH found in the roots.     

不同渍水时间对苗期和花期大豆生长及碳氮代谢的影响

以大豆品种南农99.6为材料,通过盆栽试验研究了苗期和花期渍水对大豆生长及碳氮代谢的影响.结果表明: 渍水显著抑制了大豆的生长,植株生物量、叶面积、叶片色素含量和光合速率均显著下降,而丙二醛(MDA)含量显著升高;随着渍水时间的延长,各生理指标的变化幅度增大;渍水胁迫解除后有一定的恢复,渍水10 d处理后恢复能力较渍水20 d处理强.可溶性碳、氮物质及关键酶对渍水反应不同,可溶性糖含量以及叶片谷氨酰胺合成酶和蔗糖合成酶的活性上升,而可溶性蛋白含量下降.渍水对苗期大豆植株生物量、叶面积和MDA含量的影响比花期小.苗期和花期渍水时间越短,大豆受到的伤害越小,其恢复能力也越强.渍水时间在10 d内,大豆植株能够通过自身的调节逐渐恢复.     

淹水胁迫对青杨雌雄幼苗生理特性和生长的影响

为揭示青杨(Populus cathayana)雌雄幼苗对淹水胁迫的适应性, 在实验地内通过土培盆栽淹水方式从植株生理生态和生长发育方面探讨淹水胁迫对青杨扦插苗的影响。试验分为对照和淹水2个处理, 处理时间为40天。结果显示: (1)淹水胁迫导致青杨幼苗叶片中的丙二醛(MDA)含量和茎部淹水区的不定根数显著升高, 植株的净光合速率(P_n)、叶绿素含量、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性、株高、基径、总叶面积、比叶面积(SLA)、根生物量、叶生物量、茎生物量、总生物量干重和根冠比(R/S)显著降低。(2)与雄株相比, 淹水胁迫显著增加了雌株幼苗的MDA含量, 降低了SOD活性、P_n、类胡萝卜素(Caro)含量、叶绿素a/b、SLA、根生物量和R/S, 并导致雄株在淹水胁迫下具有比雌株更高的气孔导度(G_s)、胞间CO₂浓度(C_i)、蒸腾速率(T_r)、不定根数和株高。可见, 淹水胁迫对青杨雌雄幼苗的形态生长和生理过程均有严重的抑制作用, 但表现出显著的性别间差异。雄株可以通过维持更高的光合作用能力和增加不定根数量来维持植株的生长, 从而表现出比雌株更强的抗逆性。