Main stem and off‐channel habitat use by juvenile Chinook salmon in a sub‐Arctic riverscape

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Egg development and hatching success in alpine chironomids

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Wood addition in the hatchery and river environments affects post‐release performance of overwintering brown trout

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不同方法提取的荷叶挥发油化学成分分析

采取超临界CO2萃取和水蒸气蒸馏提取荷叶挥发油,利用GC-MS对它们进行了定性、定量分析。结果表明这两种方法提取荷叶挥发油的化学成分及含量皆有很大差别。超临界CO2萃取的荷叶挥发油更具天然性,超临界CO2萃取法为提取荷叶挥发油的理想方法。     

Effect of inorganic sediment on whole-stream productivity

Sediment from agricultural, logging, and mining activities impairs more miles of rivers and streams in the United States than any other type of pollutant, including bacteria, nutrients, oxygen-depleting substances, and metals. However, specific impacts of sediment to streams have not been well studied or understood. To study the effect of inorganic sediment on plant and animal communities in stream ecosystems, we added clay to outdoor experimental streams 520 m long and 3.5 m wide at the Monticello Ecological Research Station (MERS). The streams take water from the Mississippi River and are designed to represent higher order streams in the upper midwestern United States. The sediment loading rates were 300, 200, 100, and 50 mg l^–1. Our first dosing period (mid-August to November 1994) began at the start of a fall bloom in autotroph productivity, and the second (May to August 1995) began before the summer communities were established. During both treatment seasons, the addition of clay significantly increased turbidity and sedimentation, and decreased light penetration in treated streams corresponding roughly to 30–35, 25–30, 15–20, and 5–10 NTU, respectively. In general, the macrophyte and periphyton communities responded quickly after only a few weeks exposure to the sediment additions. Whole-stream respiration was significantly lower in treated streams, decreasing as the amount of sediment added increased. Periphyton biomass (chl a) on tiles and percent cover of macrophytes was significantly lower in treatment streams than in controls. In contrast to expectations and previous findings in two sets of field streams, total whole-stream productivity in the MERS streams was not significantly lower in streams receiving sediment loads than in control streams because the overall photosynthetic efficiency by the plant community compensated for the loss in irradiance.     

Response of aquatic hyphomycete communities to enhanced stream retention in areas impacted by commercial forestry

1. Aquatic hyphomycetes are an important component of detritus processing in streams. Their response to enhanced stream retentiveness was tested by manipulating three streams located in Kielder Forest (northern England), a large plantation of exotic conifers, and two streams in Montagne Noire (south-west France) dominated by native broadleaf woodland. Treatment was by placement of logs or plastic litter traps into a 10–20 m stream section. Fungal spores were collected from stream water upstream and downstream of the treated sections over 1–2 years.
2. The average concentration of fungal spores in reference sections was nearly 10× greater in the French streams than in the English streams. The number of hyphomycete species was also higher in the French streams. These differences between regions were probably a consequence of the much lower standing stock and diversity of leaf litter in the English streams.
3. Despite these large regional differences, the treatment had a clear effect in all streams. Detrital standing stocks were enhanced in treated sections by up to 90% in French streams and 70% in English streams.
4. Mean spore density below treated sections increased by 1.8–14.8% in French streams and 10.2–28.9% in the naturally less retentive English streams. The number of fungal species increased significantly below the treated sections of the English streams, although not the French ones.
5. In biologically impoverished plantation streams, input of woody debris can increase detritus retention and enhance hyphomycete diversity and productivity. This may have consequent benefits for detritus processing and macroinvertebrate production.     

An Assessment of a Small Urban Stream Restoration Project in Northern California

Stream restoration projects have become increasingly common, and the need for systematic post‐project evaluation, particularly for small‐scale projects, is evident. This study describes how a 70‐m restored reach of a small urban stream, Baxter Creek (in Poinsett Park, El Cerrito, California), was quickly and inexpensively evaluated using habitat, biological, and resident‐attitude assessments. The restoration involved opening a previously culverted channel, planting riparian vegetation, and adding in‐stream step‐pool sequences and sinuosity. Replicated benthic macroinvertebrate samples from the restored site and an upstream unrestored site were compared using several metrics, including taxa richness and a biotic index. Both biological and habitat quality improved in the restored compared with the unrestored section. However, when compared with a creek restored 12 years before, habitat condition was of lower quality in the recently restored creek. A survey of the neighborhood residents indicated that, overall, they were pleased with the restored creek site. The approach used in this demonstration project may be applicable to other small‐scale evaluations of urban stream restorations.     

Pacific Salmon,Nutrients, and the Dynamics of Freshwater and Riparian Ecosystems

Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.) accumulate substantial nutrients in their bodies as they grow to adulthood at sea. These nutrients are carried to predominantly oligotrophic lakes and streams, where they are released during and after spawning. Research over more than 3 decades has shown that the annual deposition of salmon-borne marine-derived nutrients (MD-nutrients) is important for the productivity of freshwater communities throughout the Pacific coastal region. However, the pathways and mechanisms for MD-nutrient transfer and accumulation in freshwater and riparian ecosystems remain virtually unexplored, consequently, there are many uncertainties in this area. This article addresses three related topics. First, we summarize recent advances in our understanding of the linkages among MD-nutrients, freshwater (including riparian) ecosystems, and community dynamics by addressing the importance of MD-nutrients to lakes and streams and by then reviewing large-scale and long-term processes in the atmosphere and ocean that govern variability in salmon populations. Second, we evaluate the validity of the discoveries and their implications for active ecosystem management, noting areas where extrapolation from these results still requires great caution. Finally, we outline five key research issues where additional discoveries could greatly augment our understanding of the processes shaping the structure and dynamics of salmon populations and the characteristics of their freshwater habitat and associated riparian zones. Collectively, the data suggest that the freshwater portion of the salmon production system is intimately linked to the ocean. Moreover, for the system to be sustainable, a holistic approach to management will be required. This holistic approach will need to treat climate cycles, salmon, riparian vegetation, predators, and MD-nutrient flowpaths and feedbacks as an integrated system. Received 3 July 2001; accepted 14 December 2001.     

Dynamics of dissolved and particulate organic carbon in a saline and semiarid stream of southeast Spain (Chicamo stream)

Annual variations in the concentration of dissolved (DOC) and particulate organic carbon (CPOC = Coarse; FPOC = Fine; UPOC = Ultrafine) were studied in a 100 m-reach of the Chicamo stream, an intermittent saline stream in southeast Spain. DOC represented the most important fraction of organic carbon flowing in the Chicamo stream (>98%), with concentrations of about 1.7 mgC l^–1 during most of the year, reaching 2.5 mgC l^–1 in summer. One high flow episode during a rain storm in winter was characterized by a considerably increased concentration of DOC (9.4 mgC l^–1). CPOC was the dominant POC fraction. Positive and significant correlations were found for DOC and discharge, which support the idea of allochthonous inputs due to floods. There was no significant correlation between POC and discharge. No significant correlations were found for DOC or POC with the physico-chemical parameters measured, while a negative significant correlation was found between DOC and temperature. The export of total organic carbon from the drainage basin of the Chicamo stream was low (6.2 × 10^–4 gC m^–2 yr^–1) and typical of streams in arid and semi-arid regions. The results of a Principal Component Analysis defined three different phases. The first consisted of short periods, during which floods provide pulses of allochthonous organic carbon and nutrients, the second a dry phase (summer), defined by biotic interactions, during which the stream could acts as a `sink' of organic matter, and the third and final phase which is characterised by hydrological stability.     

Evaluating the use of macroscale variables as proxies for local aquatic variables and to model stream fish distributions

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