Hematological and serum biochemical values in cynomolgus monkeys anesthetized with ketamine hydrochloride

The effects of ketamine anesthesia on both hematological and serum biochemical variables were investigated in 19 male and 15 female cynomolgus monkeys. Blood samples were obtained from the cephalic vein within 30 minutes of an intramuscular injection of ketamine hydrochloride (10 mg/kg). Ketamine anesthesia caused a reduction in leukocyte counts and a significant reduction in lymphocytes percentages. Ketamine anesthesia also increased the serum activities of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and creatine phosphokinase (CPK), but reduced the serum concentrations of glucose, inorganic phosphate, sodium and potassium. The alterations of hematological and serum biochemical values will be discussed. These alterations should be considered when designing studies for and interpreting data from cynomolgus monkeys.     

大家白蚁的分布及其检疫的重要性

近几年,我国口岸动植物检疫部门从选境植物检疫中截获并已定名的有害白蚁计10种,其中大家白蚁是《中华人民共和国进境植物检疫危险性病、虫、杂草名录》中二类危险性害虫。该种家白蚁分市广,适应性强,比其它种类白蚁危害更严重,我国至今没有发现这种家白蚁的自然分布,然而它已多次入侵我国11处地域,其中多数是它的适生地域,对我国、特别是南方的经济建设构成潜在的威胁。本文也对该种白蚁的植物检疫预防措施提出了相应要求。     

Postharvest treatments against Western Flower Thrips [Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande)] and Melon Thrips (Thrips palmi Karny) on orchids

Postharvest treatments, including insecticidal dips, isopropyl alcohol dips, insecticidal fogs and hot-water immersion, were evaluated to control mixed infestations of Western Flower Thrips (Frankliniella occidentalis) and Melon Thrips (Thrips palmi) on dendrobium orchid blossoms. The limiting factor for all postharvest treatments was phytotoxicity, characterised by a loss of vase life that differed among cultivars. Insecticidal dips and insecticidal fogs were less phytotoxic than hot-water immersion and isopropyl alcohol dips. Insecticidal fogs consisting of abamectin 2.0% e.c. and abamectin tank-mixed with Pyrenone e.c. (6% pyrethrins, 60% piperonyl butoxide) reduced the mean number of thrips per blossom by 93.8% and 92.3%, respectively and were nonphytotoxic. An insecticidal aerosol, Floragas (2% permethrin and 0.1% pyrethrum dissolved in high pressure liquified CO₂) reduced thrips by 33% to 54% with no phytotoxicity. Insecticidal dips for 3 min with agitation reduced the mean number of thrips per blossom by 43.7% to 99.1%. Of the 12 insecticides and one surfactant tested, only chlorpyrifos 44.4% e.c., fluvalinate 22.3% f., and chlorpyrifos 50% d.f. were both effective and nonphytotoxic. Immersion in water at 49.5°C for 15 and 20 s reduced the mean number of thrips per blossom by 88.1% and 95.3%, respectively. A 70% solution of isopropyl alcohol applied as a postharvest dip did not kill all thrips and was extremely phytotoxic to blossoms.     

双棘长蠹属的检疫鉴定

长期以来,双棘长蠹的英文和中文资料不但收录的种类少,而且与莱纳的权威著述在有些形态描述上不一致。本文根据莱纳的法文原著,将双棘长蠹属害虫的主要形态特征和38种的检索表结合特征图编译如下,供口岸检疫鉴定和国内林木害虫调查时作参考。     

Areas of China predicted to have a suitable climate for Anoplophora chinensis under a climate‐warming scenario

Anoplophora chinensis (Forster) (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) is an A1 class quarantine pest, native to China, Japan, and North Korea. The A. chinensis outbreak in China has severely affected the local environment and economic development. This study investigates potential areas in China with suitable climate for A. chinensis using historical climate data (1971–2000) and future climate‐warming estimates generated by CLIMEX1.1. These future estimates are based on simulated climate data (2010–2039) provided by the Tyndall Centre for Climate Change Research (TYN SC 2.0). The results suggest that a wide area of China will have a climate suitable for A. chinensis, and every province may contain some suitable areas for this pest. The predicted areas are distributed primarily in central and southern China, with an estimated distribution range of 18.2–49.5°N and 81.3–135.0°E. Using a global‐warming scenario and predictions based on historical climate data, the areas in China with a climate generally suitable for A. chinensis are predicted to decline, whereas the areas that are highly suitable for A. chinensis are predicted to expand particularly to the northeast and northwest. The estimated distribution range covered 18.2–49.1°N and 73.6–135.0°E. Anoplophora chinensis hosts grow in much of China; therefore, the pest could possibly establish this entire predicted area. These results support enhanced quarantine and control measures combined with stronger monitoring systems to prevent the spread and export of A. chinensis.     

新疆油用型向日葵种质资源对2种新入侵病害的抗性鉴定与评价

【目的】向日葵白锈病、黑茎病是2种危害严重的新入侵病害,新疆地区新源县和特克斯县为这2种病害发生区。研究目前种植的油用型向日葵品种对向日葵白锈病和黑茎病的抗性差异,可为新疆伊犁地区向日葵品种选育及其病害综合防控提供理论依据。【方法】选择伊犁地区广泛种植的16种油用型向日葵种质资源为供试品种,试验地设在新源县和特克斯县田间,于2015年5—9月调查样地的病叶数,并计算病情指数,同时测定样地的平均产量,最后综合以上结果确定各品种的抗性水平。【结果】不同向日葵品种在同一供试条件下对白锈病和黑茎病存在明显的抗性差异,在新源县NX19012(西域朝阳)的病情指数分别为7.83和25.62,而品种KWS204的病情指数为21.04和39.50;部分品种在不同的供试地点表现出一致的抗性水平,品种新引S31感染白锈病后在新源县的病情指数为9.41,在特克斯县为9.38;另有部分品种在不同地点存在不同的抗性水平,如G101感染白锈病后在新源县和特克斯县的病情指数分别为9.16和11.78,而感染黑茎病后在新源县和特克斯县的病情指数分别为31.05和37.79。【结论】通过对白锈病和黑茎病病情指数、向日葵产量及当地气象数据的综合研究,发现NX19012(西域朝阳)最适宜在新疆伊犁地区种植,品种S606、TO12244、NX01025(西部骆驼)也可作为多样化种植的候选品种,而新葵杂系列品种中新葵杂5号可作为今后品种选育的试验材料。     

Hot water immersion of Allium hookeri roots for the control of the plant parasitic nematodes Meloidogyne javanica and Pratylenchus coffeae

Nematodes are important quarantine pests of bulbous plants such as hooker chives. Although control methods such as fumigation, chemical immersion, and heat are often applied, it has proved difficult to disinfect nematodes from plant roots in quarantine. As heat treatment has been successfully useful for the control of nematodes in other agricultural products in quarantine, we investigated the susceptibility and mortality rates of Meloidogyne javanica and Pratylenchus coffeae, which infest hooker chive roots, using a hot water immersion method. Heat damage to the hooker chive roots was noticeable at temperatures over 50°C. Temperatures for the effective time to kill 99% at 1 min (ET99) for M. javanica and P. coffeae juveniles were 49.3°C and 49.1°C, respectively. However, the time to kill 99% of M. javanica eggs at 48°C and 49°C were 27.0 min and 8.3 min, respectively. Using a thermal equilibrium formula, the optimum commercial scale condition, in a 1400‐L chamber, for nematode control without associated plant damage was water immersion at 48.2°C for 30 min or at 49.2°C for 13 min with a filling ratio less than 12%. This result can be applicable for the nematode disinfestation of hooker chive roots in plant quarantine.     

中国进境植物及植物产品携带蚧虫疫情分析

【背景】蚧虫是半翅目胸喙亚目蚧总科下的一类昆虫的总称。蚧虫个体小、食性广,极易随货物扩散传播。【方法】分别从疫情概况、截获种类、产地、截获载体、截获年份等方面对10年来我国各口岸截获蚧虫的信息数据进行了比对和统计,并对之前容易被忽视的非检疫性蚧虫疫情进行了统计和分析。【结果】2005年以来,我国从进口植物和植物产品中截获蚧虫共计171978批次,其中,检疫性蚧虫12种共7071批次;南洋臀纹粉蚧截获量最大,达2848批次,大洋臀纹粉蚧次之,为2442批次,第3是新菠萝灰粉蚧,为1714批次。东南亚是蚧虫的主要来源地,截获量居前3位的蚧类几乎都来自该地区;水果是截获蚧虫的主要载体,占所有植物及植物产品总截获量的99.0%;总体来看,蚧虫截获量从2006年开始逐年下降,到2010年后又呈暴发性上升趋势。比较3种截获量较大的蚧虫发现,2005~2008年,截获主要以南洋臀纹粉蚧为主;自2009年起,大洋臀纹粉蚧截获量逐年上升,成为截获量最多的蚧虫;2011年以来,新菠萝灰粉蚧截获量激增。2005年至今,我国口岸共截获其他非检疫性蚧类68797批次,鉴定到种的有46个属105种共68712批次,其中,在我国内陆地区尚未报道的有23个种,入侵风险高,需要引起重视。【结论与意义】了解我国口岸蚧类害虫截获情况,有利于针对性地开展疫情检疫与监测,有效防范蚧类害虫的传入与扩散。     

Rapid diagnosis of the invasive wax scale,Ceroplastes rusci Linnaeus (Hemiptera: Coccoidea: Coccidae) using nested PCR

The fig wax scale, Ceroplastes rusci (Linnaeus) (Hemiptera: Coccoidea: Coccidae), is an invasive fruit pest of Afrotropical origin and potentially could become a serious threat to commercial fruit crops in China. C. rusci is difficult to identify owing to the shortage of easily distinguishable morphological characters. A rapid, accurate and reliable method to identify C. rusci in quarantine work is needed to detect further spread. In the present study, we describe a nested PCR method for the molecular identification of C.rusci. The nested PCR primers were designed based on variations in the barcode region of COI sequences between C. rusci and five other Ceroplastes species. A 200‐bp fragment was successfully amplified from 96 C. rusci individuals of seven geographical populations in China and Vietnam, and 13 individuals of two populations in Italy (the type country for C. rusci). These provided diagnostic bands that were not observed in any of five other Ceroplastes species widely distributed in China, namely, C. ceriferus (Fabricius), C. floridensis Comstock, C. japonicus Green, C. pseudoceriferus Green and C. rubens Maskell. Sensitivity tests revealed that diagnostic bands were generated even with a DNA template concentration of ~1.5 × 10^?5 ng/μl, and with average DNA template concentrations for adult females, single first‐instar nymphs and eggs of 14.7, 6.3 and 3.0 ng/μl, respectively. Our study demonstrates that the molecular diagnosis of C. rusci using nested PCR is rapid and accurate and shows potential in plant quarantine programmes.     

检疫性昆虫DNA条形码检测技术的研发与应用实例

【目的】DNA条形码技术是近年来生物分类鉴定的研究热点之一,已成为植物检疫性昆虫鉴定的有力工具。为快速、准确地鉴定口岸截获的昆虫种类,实现"检得出、检得准、检得快"的要求,我们研发了昆虫DNA条形码试剂盒检测技术(Insect DNA barcoding identification kit)。【方法】该检测技术针对出入境植物检疫性及危险性昆虫的主要类群,选择合适的基因片段、设计引物、对目标基因进行扩增测序,找出基因片段上区分每个物种的多态位点规律,作为该物种的鉴定特征并建立数据库,应用于植物检疫性及危险性昆虫的物种鉴定。【结果】以检疫性昆虫木蠹象属Pissodes为例,确定了木蠹象属5种昆虫的多态位点规律(鉴定特征),构建了用于物种鉴定的数据库。通过比对数据库里的鉴定特征,将未知样品鉴定为榛梢木蠹象P.terminalis(相似度100%),与形态鉴定结果一致。本文介绍了检测技术的原理、方法、技术流程及应用实例,并展望了其在有害生物检测中的推广应用前景。【结论】昆虫DNA条形码试剂盒检测技术为建立标准化,准确性高的物种鉴定平台打下基础,有着良好的推广应用前景。