新疆绿化观赏盐生植物及其利用潜力分析

根据野外调查和文献查阅,统计筛选出40余种观赏盐生植物,这些观赏植物主要包括观赏花卉、草坪草和风景绿化、美化植物三类.其中,观赏价值高、资源分布广,具有很好开发前景的10余种.本文从中筛选出10个代表种,详细介绍了其资源分布、生态适应性和主要用途.     

甘肃紫草科药用植物资源

通过野外实地考察与植物分类学研究,整理出甘肃紫草科药用植物11属20种1变种,并对其种类、分布、药用价值及资源利用状况作了简要综述,为甘肃紫草科民间草药和特有植物的研究提供了新的资料.     

云南丽江的野生花卉资源及开发利用

报道了云南丽江的野生花卉资源的特点,简要介绍了丽江分布的一些著名的野生花卉,分析了丽江野生花卉的开发利用的现状、前景,并提出了开发利用的建议.     

河南大别山药用大型真菌资源研究

在调查、收集、整理的基础上,初步筛选出河南大别山药用大型真菌162种（含变种）,隶属于35科76属。其中具有抗癌及实验抗癌作用的真菌有53种,可用于呼吸系统疾病治疗的有10种,用于消化系统的有25种,用于神经系统的有6种,用于妇科的有4种,用于泌尿及内分泌系统的有4种,用于伤骨科的有54种,用于其他用途的有6种。还就河南大别山药用大型真菌的保护与利用提出了建议。     

云南省国家重点保护野生植物资源的现状与评价

报道了云南省于1997年5月至2001年8月对我省90种重点保护野生植物进行的资源调查结果,其中被列入《国家重点保护野生植物名录(第一批)》的73种,国家Ⅰ级保护植物22种、国家Ⅱ级保护植物51种,其他保护植物17种。云南记录有分布而在本次调查中末找到的物种3种。从本次调查的结果可看出,云南的国家重点保护植物种质资源丰富,种类几乎为全国的一半;但资源数量偏少,有46种的占有面积不足5km^2;极危物种和濒危物种所占的比例大,极危物种48种,濒危物种37种;物种在各个地州间分布不均匀,绝大多数分布于滇东南和滇南,其中红河州38种,文山州36种;从海拔分布上看,主要分布于1000--2000m之间。此外,由于物种分布的地点不同,物种受到保护的程度不同,人为影响方式也多种多样。根据云南省野生重点保护植物资源的特点及受到威胁的情况,提出了加强生态保护意识的教育和宣传,强化植物资源管理,积极开展植物资源的开发利用和繁育技术的研究以及集约栽培、综合利用及可持续经营牛式的研究,加强法制建设等对策和建议。     

Dendrobium wangliangii (Orchidaceae), a new species belonging to section Dendrobium from Yunnan, China

Dendrobium wangliangii G. W. Hu, C. L. Long & X. H. Jin, a new species from the north of the Yunnan Province in China is described and illustrated. The morphological differences between the new species and the related species, Dendrobium flexicaule , and its endangered status are discussed.  © 2008 The Linnean Society of London, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society , 2008, 157 , 217–221.     

Marine carbonate facies in response to climate and nutrient level: The upper carboniferous and permian of central spitsbergen (Svalbard)

Summary Carbonate-dominated successions of the Gipsdalen and Tempelfjorden Groups from Svalbard record a significant shift from Photozoan to Heterozoan particle associations in neritic settings during the late Palaeozoic. During the Bashkirian, benthic particle associations which included photoautotrophs such as phylloid algae (Chloroforam Association) characterised shallow subtidal environments. Most depositional settings which endured siliciclastic terrestrial input exhibited poorly diversified associations dominated by brachiopods, bryozoans and siliceous sponges (Bryonoderm Association). During the Moscovian to Asselian, highly diversified associations typified by various calcareous green algae,Palaeoaplysina, Tubiphytes, fusulinids, smaller and encrusting foraminifers (Chloroforam Association) prevailed in carbonate sediments from supratidal to shallow subtidal environments. During the Sakmarian and Early Artinskian, oolitic carbonate sands (Chloroforam Association) typified intertidal flats, whereas shallow subtidal environments were occupied by moderately diversified associations with fusulinids, smaller foraminifers, echinoderms and bryozoans (Bryonoderm-extended Association) and poorly diversified associations with echinoderms, brachiopods and bryozoans (Bryonoderm Association). During the Late Artinskian to Kazanian, poorly diversified associations characterised by brachiopods, echinoderms and bryozoans (Bryonoderm Association), and sponge-dominated associations (Hyalosponge Association) reigned within siliceous carbonates of intertidal and shallow subtidal environments. This trend is interpreted as a result of climatic cooling and fluctuations of prevailing levels of trophic resources within shallow-water settings during the studied time period. While raised nutrient levels were restricted to near-shore settings during the Bashkirian, steady mesotrophic conditions arose from the Sakmarian onward and increased to late Permian times.     

Potential and attainable food production and food security in different regions

Growing prosperity in the South is accompanied by human diets that will claim more natural resources per capita. This reality, combined with growing populations, may raise the global demand for food crops two- to four-fold within two generations. Considering the large volume of natural resources and potential crop yields, it seems that this demand can be met smoothly. However, this is a fallacy for the following reasons. (i) Geographic regions differ widely in their potential food security: policy choices for agricultural use of natural resources are limited in Asia. For example, to ensure national self-sufficiency and food security, most of the suitable land (China) and nearly all of the surface water (India) are needed. Degradation restricts options further. (ii) The attainable level of agricultural production depends also on socio-economic conditions. Extensive poverty keeps the attainable food production too low to achieve food security, even when the yield gap is wide, as in Africa. (iii) Bio-energy, non-food crops and nature compete with food crops for natural resources. Global and regional food security are attainable, but only with major efforts. Strategies to achieve alternative aims will be discussed. <br>     

Managing water resources for crop production

Increasing crop production to meet the food requirements of the world''s growing population will put great pressure on global water resources. Given that the vast freshwater resources that are available in the world are far from fully exploited, globally there should be sufficient water for future agricultural requirements. However, there are large areas where low water supply and high human demand may lead to regional shortages of water for future food production. In these arid and semi-arid areas, where water is a major constraint on production, improving water resource management is crucial if Malthusian disasters are to be avoided. There is considerable scope for improvement, since in both dryland and irrigated agriculture only about one-third of the available water (as rainfall, surface, or groundwater) is used to grow useful plants. This paper illustrates a range of techniques that could lead to increased crop production by improving agricultural water use efficiency. This may be achieved by increasing the total amount of water available to plants or by increasing the efficiency with which that water is used to produce biomass. Although the crash from the Malthusian precipice may ultimately be inevitable if population growth is not addressed, the time taken to reach the edge of the precipice could be lengthened by more efficient use of existing water resources. <br>     

Population momentum and the demand on land and water resources

Future world population growth is fuelled by two components: the demographic momentum, which is built into the age composition of current populations, and changes in reproductive behaviour and mortality of generations yet to come. This paper investigates, by major world regions and countries, what we know about population growth, what can be projected with reasonable certainty, and what is pure speculation. The exposition sets a frame for analysing demographic driving forces that are expected to increase human demand and pressures on land and water resources. These have been contrasted with current resource assessments of regional availability and use of land, in particular with estimates of remaining land with cultivation potential. In establishing a balance between availabilty of land resources and projected needs, the paper distinguishes regions with limited land and water resources and high population pressure from areas with abundant resources and low or moderate demographic demand. Overall, it is estimated that two-thirds of the remaining balance of land with rainfed cultivation potential is currently covered by various forest ecosystems and wetlands. The respective percentages by region vary between 23% in Southern Africa to 89% in South-Eastern Asia. For Latin America and Asia the estimated share of the balance of land with cultivation potential under forest and wetland ecosystems is about 70%, in Africa this is about 60%. If these were to be preserved, the remaining balance of land with some potential for rainfed crop cultivation would amount to some 550 million hectares. The regions which will experience the largest difficulties in meeting future demand for land resources and water, or alternatively have to cope with much increased dependency on external supplies, include foremost Western Asia, South-Central Asia, and Northern Africa. A large stress on resources is to be expected also in many countries of Eastern, Western and Southern Africa <br>