模拟低温或自然低温条件下牡竹属3种类抗寒性及生理指标的比较

以牡竹属(Dendrocalamus Nees)的清甜竹(D.sapidus Q.H.Dai et D.Y.Huang)、花吊丝竹[D.minor var.amoenus(Q.H.Dai et C.F.Huang) Hsueh et D.Z.Li]和勃氏甜龙竹[D.brandisii (Munro) Kurz]盆栽苗为实验材料,测定了模拟低温(0℃、-5℃、-10℃、-15℃、-20℃和-25℃)条件下3个竹种离体叶片的相对电导率和伤害率,在此基础上根据Logistic方程推算出3个竹种的低温半致死温度(LT50);对自然低温(15℃、10℃、5℃、3℃、0℃和-2 C)条件下3个竹种叶片的形态变化以及相对电导率、叶绿素和MDA含量及SOD活性的变化也进行了比较分析.结果表明:在模拟低温条件下,3个竹种离体叶片的相对电导率和伤害率均随温度降低逐渐增大,且总体上与对照(25℃)有显著差异(P＜0.05);根据Logistic方程推算出花吊丝竹、勃氏甜龙竹和清甜竹的LT50分别为-3.07℃、-1.83℃和-1.40 C.在日最低温度大于5℃的自然低温条件下3个竹种的叶片均能够正常生长,而随温度降低,叶片逐渐出现水浸斑点、失绿等症状直至干枯脱落,其中清甜竹叶片伤害症状最重;在自然低温条件下,随日最低气温的降低,3个竹种叶片的叶绿素含量总体呈下降趋势、相对电导率则逐渐升高、MDA含量和SOD活性总体上均呈波动的趋势;与日最低气温15℃相比,在日最低气温-2℃条件下清甜竹叶片叶绿素含量和SOD活性降幅最大而花吊丝竹降幅最小,清甜竹叶片相对电导率最高而花吊丝竹最低.根据LT50和叶片形态及生理指标的变化,可确定3个竹种的抗寒性均较差,其中清甜竹的耐寒能力最弱.     

沿海地区水杉叶片性状的纬度变化机制

在中国东部沿海地区沿纬度梯度选取8个水杉林,研究水杉的叶片长度、叶片宽度、叶片周长、叶片面积、叶片长宽比、比叶面积、叶片干质量等叶片性状指标的纬度变化规律,分析叶片性状与气象、土壤因子的关系.结果表明: 随着纬度的升高,水杉叶片长、宽、周长逐渐增大,叶面积和比叶面积先增加后降低.在纬度梯度上,水杉叶片性状的变化主要受年均温和年均降水量的影响.随着土壤氮含量的增加,比叶面积呈先下降后上升的趋势,叶干质量则呈显著下降的趋势;随着土壤磷含量的增加,比叶面积逐渐增加,而叶干质量则显著下降.     

不同养分环境下木荷种源生长和根系发育对邻株竞争响应的差异

研究同质和异质养分环境中邻株竞争对3个木荷种源生长和根系发育的影响,揭示了不同种源木荷生长竞争能力差异原因.结果表明: 与同质养分环境相比,3个木荷种源在异质养分环境中具有苗高生长量大、干物质积累量高和根系增生明显等特点.在异质养分环境下,福建建瓯种源木荷苗木生长量显著高于浙江龙泉和江西信丰种源,与杉木混植时尤为突出,这与其根系形态可塑性高和拓殖能力强有关,混植时,福建建瓯种源木荷的根长、根表面积和根体积等根系生长量较单植显著增长20.4 %～69.0%,其根系在富养表层大量增生的同时快速向深层贫养层拓殖,占有了更多的空间和资源,提高了觅养能力,使其生长优势更为明显,而浙江龙泉和江西信丰种源根系生长和深层土壤根系分布受邻株竞争影响不同程度的降低.纯植时,可能由于根系自我识别作用,3个木荷种源的根系生长发育均受到抑制,导致福建建瓯种源苗木生长量显著减小,而浙江龙泉种源苗高和干物质积累增长明显,这与其根系生理可塑性有关.建议生产上选用觅养效率高和竞争能力强的福建建瓯种源木荷,采用混交造林的方式提高木荷人工林生产力.     

不同光脉冲方案对光下最大荧光参数及其计算参数的影响

光下最大荧光(F_m′)是植物生理生态研究中的重要参数,一般采用饱和脉冲(RF)方案来估计.然而,光系统Ⅱ(PSⅡ)受体库的反馈调节会影响RF方案对F_m′估计的准确性.为消除PSⅡ受体库反馈调节的影响,根据光脉冲强度(Q′)与叶绿素荧光(F′)的线性关系提出多相脉冲(MPF)方案,估算Q′无穷大时的F′(即F_m′).本研究采用MPF和RF方案分别对苦槠、青冈和乌桕3个树种叶片的叶绿素荧光和气体交换数据进行同步测量,并对两种方案估计的F_m′及其计算参数PSⅡ光化学效率(Φ_PSII)、PSⅡ的电子传递速率(J)、最大电子传递速率(J_max)、叶肉导度(g_m)和叶绿体内CO₂浓度(C_c)等光合参数进行比较,分析两种方案对3个树种叶片6个光合参数的影响.结果表明: 当光合有效辐射(PAR)<200 μmol·m^-2·s^-1时,两种方案对苦槠、青冈和乌桕叶片F_m′、Φ_PSII和J的估计无显著影响;当PAR>200 μmol·m^-2·s^-1时,采用MPF方案获得的苦槠、青冈和乌桕的F_m′分别比RF方案获得的F_m′高3.5%～5.2%、11.7%～18.0%和3.2%～7.1%;当PAR>200 μmol·m^-2·s^-1时,采用MPF方案获得的Φ_PSII、J和J_max分别不同程度地大于RF方案获得的参数,g_m和C_c分别不同程度地小于RF方案获得的参数.说明当PAR较低(<200μmol·m^-2·s^-1)时,MPF与RF方案对植物叶片F_m′、Φ_PSII、J的估计没有显著影响;当PAR较高(≥200μmol·m^-2·s^-1)时,MPF与RF方案对植物叶片F_m′、Φ_PSII、J、J_max、g_m和C_c的估计有显著影响,且RF方案对植物叶片的F_m′、Φ_PSII、J和J_max比MPF方案分别有不同程度的低估,对g_m和C_c则有不同程度的高估.     

基于FvCB模型的几种草本和木本植物光合生理生化特性

为研究不同生活型植物的光合能力及其叶片光合机构,采用直角双曲线修正模型和C3植物FvCB模型对7种木本植物和4种草本植物的CO₂响应曲线进行拟合,并对不同木本植物、不同草本植物和2种生活型植物的最大净光合速率(P_{n max})、Rubisco酶最大羧化速率(V_{c max})、最大电子传递速率(J_max)、光合暗呼吸速率(R_d)和叶肉阻力(r_m)等参数进行比较.结果表明: 7种木本植物P_{n max}大小顺序为乌桕、苎麻>润楠、海桐>青冈、苦槠、娜塔栎;乌桕、苎麻、润楠和海桐的V_{c max}显著大于青冈和苦槠;J_max大小顺序为乌桕>苎麻、海桐>娜塔栎、苦槠和青冈;润楠和苦槠的r_m显著大于乌桕、海桐和苎麻.商陆的P_{n max}显著大于藿香蓟和土牛膝;4种草本植物的V_{c max}无显著差异;商陆的J_max显著大于藿香蓟;龙葵和土牛膝的r_m显著大于藿香蓟;商陆的R_d显著大于藿香蓟和土牛膝.木本植物的P_{n max}、V_{c max}、J_max和r_m光合参数均显著大于草本植物,但二者的R_d无显著差异.不同物种之间以及2种生活型植物光合能力的差异主要是由叶片内部Rubisco酶羧化能力、电子传递能力和叶肉阻力等差异引起的.     

Effects of localized nitrogen supply treatments on growth and root parameters in Pinus massoniana families under phosphorus deficiency

Aims A heterogeneous spatially distribution of nutrients in natural soil may affect plant growth. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of localized nitrogen (N) supply treatments on growth traits and root parameters among different families in Pinus massoniana.Methods Five families of P. massoniana seedlings from full-sib progenies were used as test materials (1, 25, 49, 52, and 57). This study included two conditions, (i.e. homogeneous phosphorus (P) deficiency vs. heterogeneous P efficiency) among soil layers in combination with four N supply treatments in a one-year pot experiment. These N supply treatments were: (1) Homogeneously high N along the soil profile (HHH); (2) high N-high N-low N (HHL); (3) low N-low N-high N (LLH); (4) low N-low N-on side with N addition and the other side without N supply (LLH/L).Important findings This study indicated that localized N supply treatment did enhance the growth of P. massoniana, and this enhancement mainly happened in the pattern of N applied to deep soil. The results showed: 1) Compared to the homogeneous low P condition, there were increase in the growth traits and root parameters of P. massoniana under heterogeneous low P condition. Particularly, the root length and root surface area under the heterogeneous P deficiency condition were 1.95 times and 2.11 times higher than that subjected to the homogeneous P deficiency. 2) Localized N supply treatment affected seedling growth, and there was a significant interaction among N supply pattern and P condition. In compared with homogeneous N supply treatment, the height, basal diameter and dry weight of seedlings increased significantly by localized N supply treatments (LLH and/or LLH/L) under both two P deficiency conditions. But when the seedlings parameters were enhanced under homogeneous P deficiency, they were inhibited under heterogeneous P deficiency subjected to HHL. 3) Within the two P conditions, LLH and LLH/L stimulated root proliferation significantly, and root parameters were significantly enhanced under the heterogeneous P deficiency condition. Specifically, the root length and root surface area subjected to LLH/L rather than HHH were significantly enhanced by 29.2% and 32.3%, respectively. However, the length and surface area of the roots were suppressed by HHL treatment. 4). There were significant differences in response to different N supply treatments among P. massoniana families Seedlings in the families of 49, 52, and 57 responded to the localized N supply treatments with increased root proliferation, which enhanced seedling dry mass. On the other hand, the seedling growth in the family of 25 were stimulated by N and (or) P concentration, while the response of seedlings in the family of 1 to local nitrogen supply was relatively slow and exhibited growth retardation.     

Duration of mulching caused variable pools of labile organic carbon in a Phyllostachys edulis plantation

Aims Soil total organic carbon and labile organic carbon are important indicators in evaluating soil quality. Mulching is widely applied to promote the emergence of bamboo shoot in winter time through stand management. Yet the consequences of mulching on soil quality in Phyllostachys edulis have not been well studied. We aim at the quantitative effect of mulching duration on soil quality in P. edulis stands.
Methods Several P. edulis stands located in Huangyan District of Taizhou, Zhejiang Province of China, had been applied with mulching for 1-2 years and were used in this study to assess the mulching effects. We also selected stands without mulching treatment as the reference sites (or control, CK) for comparisons.||||Important findings Total soil organic carbon (TOC), light fraction organic matter (LFOM), and easily-oxidized carbon (EOC) contents at stands with 1-year and 2-year mulching treatments were significantly increased compared with those at the CK sites. The 1-year mulching increased TOC, LFOM and EOC by 11.2%-74.2%, 31.7%-196.9% and 5.0%-79.6%, respectively, than those of CK sites, while by 22.2%-90.8%, 36.7%-238.5%, and 21.9%-97.5% with 2-year treatment. However, the contents of water-soluble organic carbon (WSOC) changed insignificantly. Among the indicators, we found that WSOC:TOC in CK was higher than that with the mulching treatments, while EOC:TOC with 1-year treatment was higher than that with 2-year treatment, and EOC:TOC with 2-year treatment was higher than that of CK. Additionally, WSOC, EOC, and LFOM at all three treatments showed high correlations with TOC, with a higher correlation coefficient of WSOC with TOC of 0- 30 cm soil layers in CK than those with mulching treatments. The correlation coefficient of EOC and LFOM with TOC was the highest at the 2-year mulching sites. More importantly, TOC, WSOC, EOC, and LFOM were significantly (p < 0.05), or extremely significantly (p < 0.01), correlated with soil nutrient content, including total N, hydrolysis N, available P, available K, exchangeable Ca, and exchangeable Mg in all treatments. In sum, it appeared that mulching in short term can increase the contents of TOC, soil labile organic carbons and soil nutrients in bamboo soils, yielding an improved soil quality and thus can be promoted as a plausible practice for the sustainable management of P. edulis stands.     

浙江省商品竹林土壤有机农药污染评价

选取浙江省主要产竹区4县(市)商品竹林27个样地,对土壤主要有机农药残留进行检测分析.结果表明:残留的有机农药种类为有机氯(organochlorine pesticides,OCP)、有机磷(organophosphorus pesticides,OPP)和拟除虫菊农药(pyrethroid,PY),未检测出氨基甲酸酯类农药残留.有机氯农药残留种类为HCH、DDT、百菌清、五氯硝基苯、三氯杀螨醇,其中,HCH、DDT检出率分别为100%和70.37%.有机磷农药残留种类为甲基对硫磷、对硫磷、甲胺磷和乐果,其中,甲基对硫磷检出率96.30%.拟除虫菊酯类农药残留种类为氯氰菊酯、顺-氰戊菊酯,检出率分别为18.52%和62.90%;顺-氰戊菊酯残留量达1 227.14μg·kg-1,其他种类农药残留量低于150 μg·kg-1;这说明,试验取样区商品竹林土壤普遍存在有机农药污染:有机氯、有机磷残留量较低,拟除虫菊酯类农药残留较高.竹林经营类型、经营水平、土地利用方式对竹林土壤有机农药残留有一定的影响,集约经营竹林显著高于粗放经营竹林,笋用竹林较毛竹笋材两用林高,山地竹林较原农业耕作地改种为竹林的低.     

浙江天童披叶茴香群落种间联结性研究

通过基于2×2列联表的种间联结分析和x2检验,对浙江天童保存较好的披针叶茴香(Illicium lanceolatum AC.Smith)群落的种间联结性进行研究,以揭示披针叶茴香在群落中的地位及种间联结与群落稳定性的关系.结果表明:(1)群落内所有树种间总体呈显著正联结[W(49.607)>x20.0.5,32,(46.194)];群落内所有物种问显著正联结的种对数比例高于显著负联结的种对数比例,但无显著联结种对数的比例最大.这表明群落处于稳定共存的状态.(2)披针叶茴香与石楠、尖萼毛柃、苦槠、四川山矾等7种呈显著正关联,仅与枫香旱显著负联结,与多数种问联结性不显著;披针叶茼香与多数种的联结系数(AC)值人于0.5(74.3%),其中正联结种埘数明显多于负联结种埘数,表明披针叶茴香住群落中处于优势地位,与多数种群互利共存.此研究结果对制定该物种合适的就地保护措施、种群恢复以及人工规模栽培配置模式、生境的选择具有重要参考价值.     

石蒜生长对杂草群落组成及物种多样性的影响

通过野外调查,研究了石蒜（Lycoris radiata）对群落杂草组成和物种多样性的影响。结果表明：石蒜的生长能减少群落中物种的种类,降低群落中杂草的密度,并减少商陆（Phytolacca aeinosa）、蹄盖蕨（Athyrium fricellia）及禾本科（Granmeae）几个物种的数量,群落的物种多样性指数降低,群落均匀度提高。群落相似度与没有石蒜分布的群落相比显著降低。说明石蒜改变了杂草的群落结构,有利于限制杂草的发生危害。