Saliva plays a dual role in oxidation process in stomach medium

The aim of this study was to evaluate the role of saliva in the oxidation process under the acidic condition of the stomach. Saliva specimens played varied roles in the lipid peroxidation process of heated muscle tissue in simulated gastric fluid: pro-oxidant effects, no effects, and antioxidant effects. To elucidate these differences, selected saliva components were examined. The pseudoperoxidase activity of lactoperoxidase increased lipid peroxidation, while thiocyanate and nitrite-reduced lipid peroxidation. The effect of a saliva specimen on lipid peroxidation was correlated with the concentration of nitrite in the specimen, but not with that of other saliva components. The inhibitory effect of nitrite may be due to its conversion to NO. Elucidation of the antioxidant effect of saliva on co-oxidation of d-alpha-tocopherol in gastric fluid, demonstrated that saliva alone cannot protect d-alpha-tocopherol from co-oxidation, although it partially protected against lipid peroxidation. The presence of red wine polyphenols in stomach medium totally inhibits food lipid peroxidation and d-alpha-tocopherol co-oxidation.     

莫沙必利对糖尿病胃轻瘫大鼠胃窦Cajal间质细胞的影响

目的:研究莫沙必利对糖尿病胃轻瘫大鼠胃窦Cajal间质细胞(ICC)的影响。方法:将48只SD雄性大鼠随机分为正常组、模型组、莫沙必利组,各组分别16只。模型组、莫沙必利组大鼠给予一次性腹腔注射链脲佐菌素后建立糖尿病胃轻瘫模型,建模第10天起,莫沙必利组大鼠给予莫沙必利注灌胃治疗。建模30周后,检测各组大鼠的血糖水平、胃残留率,通过采用电生理学方法检测各组大鼠胃动力,并采用免疫组化染色方法检测各组胃窦ICC的相对数量。结果:模型组大鼠胃残留率明显高于正常组大鼠(P0.05),而给予莫沙必利后胃残留率显著降低(P0.05);模型组大鼠胃电图波幅和频率均明显低于正常组大鼠(P0.05),而给予莫沙必利后胃电图波幅和频率明显增加(P0.05);模型组大鼠胃窦ICC明显低于正常组大鼠(P0.05),而给予莫沙必利后胃窦ICC有所增加(P0.05)。结论:莫沙必利可显著改善糖尿病胃轻瘫大鼠的胃动力,可能与其增加胃窦Cajal间质细胞有关。     

The diet of the badger Meles meles in the Republic of Ireland

The diet of the Eurasian badger (Meles meles) in the Republic of Ireland was studied by examination of the stomach contents of 686 badgers, collected between March 2005 and September 2006. It was found that the relative importance of different food types, as indicated by their frequency of occurrence and ingested bulk in the diet, fluctuated seasonally. Tipulid larvae (Cl. Insecta, Ord. Tipulidae) dominated the diet in spring; Anura (Cl. Amphibia) and Aculeata (Ord. Hymenoptera) during the summer; and Noctuid larvae (Cl. Insecta, Ord. Noctuidae) in autumn and winter. Thus this type of foraging behaviour supports the contention that badgers are generalist foragers with seasonal food preferences. This feeding behaviour is more similar to that of badgers in Italy and Spain than to badgers in England.     

Mechanisms for modulation of mouse gastrointestinal motility by proteinase-activated receptor (PAR)-1 and -2 in vitro

Proteinase-activated receptor (PAR)-1 or -2 modulates gastrointestinal transit in vivo. To clarify the underlying mechanisms, we characterized contraction/relaxation caused by TFLLR-NH2 and SLIGRL-NH2, PAR-1- and -2-activating peptides, respectively, in gastric and small intestinal (duodenal, jejunal and ileal) smooth muscle isolated from wild-type and PAR-2-knockout mice. Either SLIGRL-NH2 or TFLLR-NH2 caused both relaxation and contraction in the gastrointestinal preparations from wild-type animals. Apamin, a K+ channel inhibitor, tended to enhance the peptide-evoked contraction in some of the gastrointestinal preparations, whereas it inhibited relaxation responses to either peptide completely in the stomach, but only partially in the small intestine. Indomethacin reduced the contraction caused by SLIGRL-NH2 or TFLLR-NH2 in both gastric and ileal preparations, but unaffected apamin-insensitive relaxant effect of either peptide in ileal preparations. Repeated treatment with capsaicin suppressed the contractile effect of either peptide in the stomach, but not clearly in the ileum, whereas it enhanced the apamin-insensitive relaxant effect in ileal preparations. In any gastrointestinal preparations from PAR-2-knockout mice, SLIGRL-NH2 produced no responses. Thus, the inhibitory component in tension modulation by PAR-1 and -2 involves both apamin-sensitive and -insensitive mechanisms in the small intestine, but is predominantly attributable to the former mechanism in the stomach. The excitatory component in the PAR-1 and -2 modulation may be mediated, in part, by activation of capsaicin-sensitive sensory nerves and/or endogenous prostaglandin formation. Our study thus clarifies the multiple mechanisms for gastrointestinal motility modulation by PAR-1 and -2, and also provides ultimate evidence for involvement of PAR-2.     

Winter diet composition of the golden jackal (Canis aureus L., 1758) in Serbia

The winter diet composition of golden jackals was determined by analysing the stomach contents of 248 specimens collected between December and February 2005–2009 at six localities in Serbia. The average weight of stomach contents was 189.9 ± 137.3 g. At all localities, livestock carcasses were the primary food category (frequency 56.1%, biomass 77.7%). The secondary food category consisted of small mammals taken as live prey (frequency 20.7%, biomass 5.2%). Other food categories were present less frequently (roe deer, wild boar, hare, and birds), and rarely (plant material, dogs, carnivores, lizards, and inedible inorganic material). No statistically significant differences were found in diet between jackals from different localities. The only difference was found between yearlings and adults with regard to the consumed biomass (%B). The analysis of the winter diet of golden jackals in Serbia indicates that the species has opportunistic feeding habits consisting primarily of easily accessible food sources.     

兔胃肠道中双歧杆菌的初步研究

双歧杆菌(Bifidobacterium)是兔体及其它某些哺乳动物的重要生理细菌,在微生态学上属于原籍菌群(autochthonous flora)。它是一属革兰氏阳性、无芽胞、无荚膜、无鞭毛、多形性厌氧杆菌。该菌对人、     

胃癌癌旁肠化上皮酶组织化学研究

本文应用酶组化方法对６０例胃癌癌旁粘膜中４７例肠化上皮（７８．３％）的破性磷酸酶（ＡＬＰ）、酸性磷酸酶（ＡＣＰ）、胞嘧啶单核苷酸酶（ＣＭＰ）、葡萄糖－６－磷酸酶（Ｇ－６－ｐａｓｅ）、焦磷酸硫胺素酶（ＴＰＰａｓｅ）、５－核苷酸酶（ＳＮａｓｅ）、三磷酸腺苷酶（Ｍｇ２＋－ＡＴＰａｓｅ,Ｃａ２＋－ＡＴＰａｓｅ）和细胞色素氧化酶（ＣＣＯ）等九种细胞器标志酶进行了定位观察。结果发现肠化上皮吸收细胞上述酶活性均较强,且分布具有极性,杯状细胞酶反应较弱,主要位于细胞基底部。癌旁粘膜肠化阳性率为７８．３％,其中ＡＬＰ阳性的酶完全型肠化和ＡＬＰ阴性的酶不完全型肠化分别占５３．２％,４６．８％,两者出现率相近。酶完全型肠化ＡＬＰ阳性率在胃分化型癌及未分化型癌瘤旁分别占６９．２％和３３．３％。ＡＬＰ阳性率在胃分化型及未分化型癌组织内分别为３５．５％和０％。提示肠化上皮具有与肠上皮相似的代谢特征,酶完全型肠化和酶不完全型肠化可能是肠化的二种不同的形式,在致癌环境下,二者都有可能转变成癌,其中酶完全型肠化与分化型癌的关系较为密切。     

Developmental gene expression of gastrin receptor in rat stomach

Gastrin, which is present in fetal plasma, may have important roles in the development of gastric mucosa, since it is not only a potent stimulator of gastric acid secretion but also a growth promoting factor. Gastrin regulates various cellular functions via its receptors on cell membrane. Therefore, in order to elucidate a role for gastrin in the development of gastrointestinal system during gestation, Northern blot analysis was performed. The results of the study suggested that gastrin receptor is mainly present on parietal cells. Furthermore, proton pump and gastrin receptor gene expressions in parietal cells were strongly stimulated by the administration of exogenous gastrin. In conclusion, gastrin may be involved in the developmental change of parietal cells through its receptors.     

室旁核注射GLP-1 及拮抗剂对大鼠胃组织nesfatin-1 表达的影响

目的:探讨下丘脑室旁核(pareventricular,PVN)注射胰高血糖素样肽-1(GLP-1)及其受体拮抗剂Exendin(9-39)后胃组织核组蛋白2(NUCB2)/nesfatin-1表达的影响。方法:选取48只雄性Wistar大鼠,随机分为6组,生理盐水组,四种不同剂量GLP-1组(0.003 nmol/10μL,0.03 nmol/10μL,0.3 nmol/10μL,3 nmol/10μL),30 nmol Exendin(9-39)+3 nmol GLP-1(E+G)组,每组8只。PVN区埋置套管并按每组要求分别经套管给予GLP-1及Exendin(9-39)等药物。给药2小时后处死大鼠并取胃组织,实时荧光定量RT-PCR法检测各组胃组织NUCB2 m RNA表达。另外生理盐水组,3 nmo L GLP-1组及E+G组每组分别随机取6只大鼠的部分胃组织,用免疫组织化学法测胃粘膜NUCB2/nesfatin-1蛋白的表达情况。结果:实时荧光定量RT-PCR法发现3 nmo L GLP-1组大鼠胃组织NUCB2 m RNA表达量高于生理盐水组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05),而其余各组大鼠胃组织NUCB2 m RNA表达与生理盐水组比较无统计学差异(P0.05)。免疫组化结果显示3 nmo L GLP-1组胃粘膜NUCB2/nesfatin-1蛋白表达与生理盐水组、E+G组比较有统计学差异(P0.05),生理盐水组大鼠胃粘膜NUCB2/nesfatin-1蛋白表达与E+G组比较无明显差异(P0.05)。结论:PVN注射GLP-1能够促进胃组织NUCB2/nesfatin-1的表达,这一作用可能是通过激活GLP-1受体来完成的。     

Growth pattern of the polypeptide-YY cell population in the upper digestive tract of the rat during the perinatal period and after weaning

Summary The distribution of polypeptide-YY cells within the gastric and duodenal mucosa of the rat and the development of their populations were examined daily from 3 days before birth until day 8 postpartum and after weaning, on day 25 postpartum, using a precise technique of quantification. Polypeptide-YY cells appeared in the stomach around the 19th day of gestation. They were always more numerous in the antral mucosa and particularly in the pyloric sphincter area than in the fundic mucosa. Immunogold staining at the electron-microscopic level revealed that, in the antrum, polypeptide-YY was colocalised with gastrin in endocrine cells mainly of type G and, more rarely, in cells of intestinal type IG. Comparison of the gastrin and polypeptide-YY cell populations in the same rats indicated that, except at day 6 postpartum, there were fewer gastric polypeptide-YY cells than immunoreactive gastrin cells and that polypeptide-YY cells were 8 times less numerous than gastrin cells at day 25 postpartum. Polypeptide-YY cells were clearly present in the duodenum of the 19-day-old embryo. This population increases with age until day 8 postpartum, then significantly decreases (by 87%) between days 8 and 25 postpartum. Because polypeptide-YY may inhibit secretion of gastric acid, it is possible that the presence of significant population of polypeptide-YY cells in the upper digestive tract during the first postnatal week of life may play a role (endocrine or paracrine) in the decreased acid secretion occurring in the newborn rat.