Des gènes à la culture : réflexions finales

Imagination pushes humanity well beyond its natural biological capacities. An approach of co-evolution, between molecular biology and behaviour, is thus required to explain these combined processes. Technological performances define spiritual conquests and formulas whose sole function is cultural. Humanity operates according to intentional social modes defined by the group, but these immediately become conditions for their own evolution. These choices are the motor for the history of humanity, and thus humanity can itself choose its own path. Anatomic modernisation is only a distant reflection of bipedalism, but freeing the hands leads to the development of abstract thought. The relationship between anatomy and awareness allows infinite variations in the harmonious adaptation to nature, animals and other societies. In Europe, humanity arrived in abrupt bursts because it was the result of external evolution, continuous and distant, dispersed across Asia. By its unceasing audacity, humanity combats biological determinism, imposing “moral” rules, or imperatives. The balance between biology and culture is reflected in the rules for sharing food: the biological life itself is coded by social sharing. These systems take on ternary values as soon as they include animal behaviours. Built shelters integrate societies with the cosmos because they delimit cultural spaces within natural chaos. Mastery of cognitive mechanisms gives humanity an entirely new responsibility, that of being able to define its destiny. Our united disciplines are transformed into ethical requirements.     

The anatomical and micromorphological properties of three endemic and medicinal Salvia species (Lamiaceae) in Erzincan (Turkey)

In this study, we comparatively investigated three endemic Salvia species spreading in Erzincan (Turkey) in terms of anatomy and micromorphology. For anatomical investigation, cross sections taken from stems and leaves of the species were examined under light microscope. For micromorphological investigation, epidermal surface and nutlet structure were examined using scanning electron microscopy. The S. euphratica and S. divaricata species were examined anatomically and micromorphologically for the first time, and S. hypargea was examined micromorphologically for the first time. In anatomical examinations, it was seen that stem and leaf structures of the species were similar. In micromorphological analyses, it has been seen that hairiness of the nutlet surface and nutlet ornamentations (verrucate and rugose type) created a difference between the species.     

福建漳平奇和洞发现的新石器时代早期人类头骨

2011年在福建漳平奇和洞发现的距今1万年左右的新石器时代早期人类遗骸"奇和洞III号",是迄今在福建地区发现的最早、最完整的古人类头骨,为探讨华南更新世晚期向全新世过渡阶段人类的体质特征及现代人群的形成与分化提供了重要的研究材料。本文对这件头骨进行了研究,奇和洞III号为35岁左右的男性个体,牙齿龋病严重,推测当时人类的经济模式主要以农耕为主。通过与更新世晚期柳江、山顶洞101号及14组新石器时代人类头骨的比较,发现奇和洞III号头骨兼有更新世晚期人类及新石器南、北方居民的混合体质特征:奇和洞III号头骨长而脑量大,似更新世晚期人类;其高而狭窄的面部、宽阔而低矮的鼻部,呈现出不同于南、北方人群的特殊体质特征。主成分分析显示,奇和洞III号与对比的新石器时代各组在头骨的测量数据上没有表现为明显的南、北地区间差异,但在头骨的测量指数或形状上存在时代和地区间的不同。本文研究为新旧石器过渡阶段人类体质特征的变异提供了进一步证据。     

Floral anatomy of Neotropical species of Mayacaceae

The Mayacaceae are a monogeneric monocot family of herbs that grow on swampy areas in the Americas and in Africa. Both the number of species constituting the family and its inter-familial relationships are unclear. By describing and comparing the floral anatomy of Mayaca fluviatilis, M. fluviatilis f. kunthii, M. longipes and M. sellowiana we have identified some features that delimit the species. These include: arrangement of flowers on the stem, shape of stamens, size of apical pores, disposition of microsporangia, number of ovules and shape of the stylar canal. We concluded that M. fluviatilis f. kunthii should be considered as a species (M. kunthii) rather than a forma. Other characters such as number of stamens and microsporangia, placentation, ovule type and cell numbers in the pollen grain support the placement of the Mayacaceae within Poales.     

Morphological and anatomical evaluation of adult and juvenile leaves of olive plants

The olive tree (Olea europaea L.), like many other woody plants, has a long juvenile period in which the plant is not able to produce flowers. Knowledge of the moment when the plant is capable of flowering is important for breeding programs and also for determining the physiological basis for sexual reproductive behavior, but currently the only indicator of that moment is the actual flowering. In many species, the juvenile-to-adult phase shift includes changes in leaf structure known as heteroblasty, that is, varied form of successive leaves on the same plant. Some differences have been observed between juvenile and adult olive leaves, particularly in size and form, but to our knowledge, no complete systematic study has been carried out. In this research, we measured size, morphology and anatomy for juvenile and adult leaves of olive plants grown from seeds. Differences were found in most of the parameters studied, including leaf size, form, mesophyll thickness, layers of palisade parenchyma and quantity of peltate trichomes, which were generally significant but overlapping between the two leaf types. The most consistent and striking difference was the presence of an organized layer of subepidermal cells only in the abaxial mesophyll of adult leaves. This characteristic could be a simple and effective criterion of phase change in the olive tree.     

洪氏环企鹅骨骼的解剖学特点

采用解剖学方法对1只雄性洪氏环企鹅(Spheniscus,humboldti)骨骼系统进行了详细的观察、描述.结果表明:企鹅骨骼结实、沉重不充气;喙长,前端略下弯,颞部呈深凹陷状;肩胛骨及胸骨龙骨突发达;胸椎不愈合;前肢骨骼扁平,特化为鳍状,翼内关节活动性较小,第一掌骨及拇指消失;髌骨发达,跗跖骨短而宽扁.这些特征主要体现了洪氏环企鹅对海中潜水、游泳、取食以及陆地直立的适应.     

短果大蒜芥花蜜腺的发育解剖学研究

短果大蒜芥（Sisymbrium loeselii L.var.brevicarpum Z.X.An)花蜜腺位于雄蕊基部花托上,属十字花科环状花蜜腺类型中的侧棱环四圆环亚型。蜜腺由分泌表皮,产蜜组织和维管束组成。分泌表皮上有变态气孔器,蜜腺中部的气孔器呈舟状分布。产蜜组织中的维管束来自于花托中的维管束分支,属较进化的十字花科花蜜腺的亚型类型。蜜腺原基是在花的各部分原基分化后,由雄蕊基部花托表面区域的2－3层细胞,经反分化形成,环状蜜腺发生发育同步,在蜜腺的发育过程中,蜜腺组织中的液泡和淀粉粒都发生了有规律的变化,其原蜜汁由维管束提供,运转至产蜜组织,最后由变态气孔泌出。     

关爱解剖学教师生命，远离肿瘤

解剖学是重要的基础医学学科之一。由于解剖学教师常年接触福尔马林,长期在弥散有甲醛的环境中工作,这类人群恶性肿瘤发病率明显高于正常人群。关爱这一特殊战线上默默奉献的的生命,让他们远离肿瘤是我们需要重视的问题。     

颧根与侧颅底重要结构的解剖学测量

目的：通过测量颧根与侧颅底各重要结构间的距离关系,为临床侧颅底外科手术治疗提供定位参考。方法：取成人颅骨标本50例（去颅盖标本8例,整颅42例）100侧,用游标卡尺、圆规和直尺测量颧根与侧颅底重要结构的距离。结果：实验测得左右侧颧根与外耳门前缘中点、乳突尖、茎突、翼突外侧板根部、舌下神经管外口、茎乳孔、颈静脉孔外缘、颈动脉管外口后缘、棘孔、卵圆孔、破裂孔的距离分别为22.30±2.84mm和22.02±3.27mm、40.37±3.21mm和40.56±3.54mm、32.53±2.78mm和32.92±2.68mm、35.13±3.14mm和35.19±2.74mm、49.29±2.88mm和48.98±2.87mm、32.92±2.44mm和33.05±2.61mm、35.15±2.86mm和34.68±3.13mm、33.17±2.78mm和33.17±2.72mm、28.83±2.62mm和28.68±2.63mm、31.15±2.76mm和31.49±2.73mm、43.67±3.32mm和44.15±3.02mm,左右侧数据无差异（P〉0.05）。结论：颧根可以作为侧颅底外科手术的定位标志,为直视条件下经颞下等入路的侧颅底外科手术提供解剖学依据。