几种主要眼遗传病在我国的发病情况与遗传规律

中国遗传学会眼科遗传协作组于1979年成立后,组织了对国内主要眼遗传病发病情况及遗传规律的研究,现已进行了70万人的普查,整理分析了各种眼遗传病5000余家系。本文报告了先天性红绿色盲、高度近视、视网膜色素变性、先天性上睑下垂、先天性小眼球、先天性白内障、先天性青光眼、Leber视神经萎缩、家族性角膜营养不良、先天性原发性眼球震颤、先天性眼内组织缺损、先天性无虹膜、视网膜母细胞瘤、家族性黄斑变性、近视和原发性青光眼的群体患病率与遗传规律。     

Prevalence and characterization of hydatidosis in Najdi sheep slaughtered in Riyadh city,Saudi Arabia

Hydatidosis is considered to be one of the important zoonotic diseases and has a significant public health importance due to the difficulties of the diagnosis. Domestic animals act as intermediate hosts and the main reservoir for the disease in humans. The main purpose of this work therefore was to determine the prevalence of hydatidosis in Najdi sheep slaughtered in Riyadh city, Saudi Arabia. Cyst location and cyst fertility and viability were also estimated, together with effect of seasons, age and sex on the prevalence of the infection. The prevalence of hydatidosis was evaluated by post-mortem examination, with intensive inspection of the visceral organs of 2785 Najdi sheep. The infection was found to prevail throughout the year in both sex, with an overall prevalence of 2.33%. The highest prevalence was recorded in winter (6.48%) while the lowest was encountered in summer (1.36%). Females were proved to be more prone to infection (70.7%) than males (29.3%). In the present study, younger sheep tended to have a higher prevalence of infection than older ones. The most commonly infected organ was the liver, with a prevalence of 81.5%. The recorded cysts showed a fertility rate of 75.4%, and a high viability rate of 61.2%. Hepatic cysts were the most fertile and viable ones (46%), while calcified cysts were not recorded during the study. Measurements of recorded cysts in all organs ranged from 2 to 6?cm in diameter.In conclusion, the high fertility and viability rate of the recorded cysts suggest that sheep are a potential source of hydatidosis transmission to dogs and the continuation of its life cycle in this region. Consequently, authorities are recommended to instigate stricter regulation of the slaughtering process, including the secure disposal of infected offal so as to minimise the transmission of cysts from slaughter houses, along with treatment of stray dogs.     

延续护理对产褥期妇女健康状况的影响

目的:探讨产科责任护士实施延续护理对产褥期妇女健康状况的影响。方法:将2014年3月~6月在我院产科住院分娩无并发症的初产妇115例分为实验组和对照组,实验组60人,对照组55人。实验组产妇出院后,由责任护士实施延续护理干预,在出院第3天、第7天、第14天以及第30天进行定期的电话随访、短信温馨提醒和来电咨询等措施,对照组不指定专门服务的护士,仅由专科护士在出院第3天电话随访及接受来电咨询。对两组产褥期妇女的健康状况进行统计分析。结果:实验组产妇无乳或少乳、子宫复旧不良、急性乳腺炎、痔疮、产后便秘的发病率均较对照组显著降低,出院后3天、7天、14天和30天抑郁的发生率均显著低于对照组,产褥期保健知识和新生儿护理技能掌握的优秀率、对护理工作的满意率、盆底肌功能恢复的优秀率均显著高于对照组,差异均具有统计学意义(均P0.05)。结论:专科护士实施延续护理可以有效降低产褥期妇女患病率,提高产妇的科学育儿技能,促进母婴健康,值得推广。     

Dynamics of Black Band Disease in a <Emphasis Type="Italic">Diploria strigosa</Emphasis> population subjected to annual upwelling on the northeastern coast of Venezuela

Temporal variability of Black Band Disease (BBD) prevalence, incidence, recurrence, recovery and virulence was estimated in a Diploria strigosa population from an upwelling zone of Venezuela, for 1 year between August 2004 and August 2005. The sampling spanned both upwelling and non-upwelling seasons, and included three samplings, roughly 60 days apart, within each season. The negative effects of BBD epizootiology in the sampling population (El Mercado reef) were positively correlated with sea surface temperature (taken as an upwelling estimator). Disease prevalence, incidence and recurrence decreased significantly during upwelling, and the recovery rate increased. Contrary to expectations, tissue mortality did not decrease significantly during the upwelling season, remaining at 1.2 ± 0.7 mm day⁻¹. BBD prevalence, and the ensuing rates of tissue mortality were higher than values previously reported for other Caribbean reefs, even during upwelling episodes, suggesting that nutrient enrichment of the local waters by upwelling counteracts the expected reductions of the disease prevalence and virulence due to the lower temperature. Colonies which had previously been infected with BBD were up to six times more susceptible to new infections than those which were not infected during the preceding 7 months, suggesting that the infected colonies never healed completely. The high variability between tissue mortality values among coral colonies also suggests that overall host health-status may alter susceptibility to BBD infections.     

Bayesian estimation of community prevalences of Schistosoma japonicum infection in China

A Bayesian approach to overcome the imperfections of an immunological test (an antibody-based ELISA) and a parasitological test (Kato-Katz) in the detection of Schistosoma japonicum infection, was used to estimate community prevalences of S. japonicum infection in China. At the same time, the similarity between the prevalence estimates based on data from ELISA alone and those using data from both ELISA and Kato-Katz tests was explored. The database from the third nationwide sampling survey of schistosomiasis in China, 2004, was used for analysis, in which a total of 239 endemic villages were sampled from seven endemic provinces through a stratified cluster sampling technique and 250,987 residents aged from 6 to 65 years, were examined by ELISA followed by a Kato-Katz test applied to the seropositives. Bayesian hierarchical models incorporating random effects to reflect the nested data structure and uncertainty about test properties were employed to analyse the data. Our analysis suggested that using data from ELISA alone or both ELISA and Kato-Katz tests resulted in similar prevalence estimates, probably owing to the lack of sensitivity of Kato-Katz and the fact that Kato-Katz was only applied to the seropositives. We conclude that it is feasible to employ only ELISA, instead of combined ELISA and Kato-Katz tests, to estimate prevalence of S. japonicum infection in large-scale epidemiological settings. This study confirmed heterogeneity in the prevalence of S. japonicum infection in space by the fact that the estimated prevalences of S. japonicum infection in the sampled villages ranged from 0.02% to about 56% (posterior median). It is indicated that the disease remains a threat in some areas along the Yangtze River, although great achievements have been made in the control programme of schistosomiasis in China.     

A systematic review and meta-analysis on the prevalence of infectious diseases of Duck: A world perspective

The Indian poultry industry is one of the fast-growing sectors of which duck farming plays an important role. Duck population in India is 33.51 million that is concentrated towards north-east and southern parts of the country who rears mainly for eggs and meat. Duck diseases are of great concern as they badly affect the financial status of the small, landless farmers. Databases such as Google Scholar, PubMed, J gate were used to search articles between 2000 and 2019 that showed the prevalence of viral, bacterial, and parasitic duck diseases. R open source software was used to derive forest plots by statistical analysis. Pooled prevalence estimates of duck diseases worldwide was found to be 20% (95%-CI:15–26). Also, continent-wise analysis of all duck diseases has revealed highest prevalence in North America, followed by Asia, Africa, Europe,Oceania and South America. This prevalence of data would be helpful to the policymakers to develop appropriate intervention strategies to prevent and control diseases in their respective locations.     

Cryptosporidium in wild placental mammals

Cryptosporidium species are common parasites of wild placental mammals. Recent parasitological studies combined with molecular genotyping techniques have been providing valuable new insight into the host specificity and potential transmission of various Cryptosporidium species/genotypes among animals and between these animals and humans. Although Cryptosporidium in wild animals may possess a potential public health problem due to oocyst contamination in the environment, studies at various regions of the world have indicated a strong host-adaptation by these parasites and a limited potential of cross-species transmission of cryptosporidiosis among placental mammals, suggesting that these animals are probably not a major reservoir for human infection. However, Cryptosporidium species/genotypes in placental animals have been reported occasionally in humans. Therefore, public health significance of some Cryptosporidium species in wild placental mammals, such as the cervine genotype, should not be overlooked and should be further studied.     

Spatio-temporal dynamics of the nematode Anguillicola crassus in Northeast Tunisian lagoons

Anguillicola crassus, parasite nematode of the European eel Anguilla anguilla, was recorded for the first time in Tunisia (1999) in the Ichkeul lagoon. Its distribution has since spread toward Bizerte and Ghar El Melh lagoons. The monthly epidemiological survey reveals that A. crassus exists throughout the year in the Ichkeul lagoon. In this lagoon, its prevalence is low in winter (12% in December), with a marked increases in the spring reaching a maximum in March (35%), before it starts to decrease in summer with a minimum in July (4.35%), which in turn is followed by a pronounced new rise in autumn (30% in November). However, mean intensity values do not show such a marked variation. The majority of the values are between 1 and 1.5 parasites per host. In the Bizerte and Ghar El Melh lagoons, the presence of this nematode is limited only to one to three months. Investigations in the Tunis lagoon did not reveal until now the presence of A. crassus. It has been observed that the length of the eel influences the prevalence values: A. crassus becomes less common if the length of the eel increases. Comparatively with the global epidemiological values of A. crassus signalled subsequently (1999) in the Ichkeul lagoon, we note that the present values record a clean increase.     

A mover-stayer model for longitudinal marker data

Studies of chronic disease often focus on estimating prevalence and incidence in which the presence of active disease is based on dichotomizing a continuous marker variable measured with error. Examples include hypertension, asthma, and depression, where active disease is defined by setting a threshold on a continuous measure of blood pressure, respiratory function, and mood, respectively. This paper proposes a model for inference about prevalence and incidence when active disease is determined by dichotomizing a continuous marker variable in a population-based study. In this formulation, it is postulated that there are three groups of people, those that are not susceptible to the disease, those who are always in the disease state, and those who have the potential to transition between the disease and the disease-free states over time. The model is used to estimate the prevalence and incidence of the disease in the population while accounting for measurement error in the marker. An EM algorithm is used for parameter estimation and the methodology is illustrated on Framingham heart study hypertension data. A simulation study is conducted in order to demonstrate the importance of accounting for measurement error in estimating prevalence and incidence for this example.