鹅掌楸的花部综合特征与虫媒传粉

连续３年对鹅掌楸３个自然居群的性表达状态与花粉传递的关系进行了观察和实验检测。和玻片法检测结果表明,风媒导致的异传粉作用可以忽略。心管存在雌雄异熟现象,但不同时期花粉在人工授粉的柱头上均能萌发,花粉活力与柱头可受期重叠超过１ｄ。解剖结构显示花药壁纤维层不均匀增厚与开裂机制有关;花被片及花柱均分布有分泌细胞和荧光细胞,但花为昆虫提供的大量蜜汁主要是由维管束周围的细胞所分泌。花散布的气味、花蜜的诱导昆     

Foliar sclereids in the Magnoliaceae

The foliar sclereids in 136 species representing 11 of the 12 genera of Magnoliaceae were studied and compared. Sclereids occur in four different cell assemblages within the leaf: diffuse idioblasts, mesophyll, dermal system, and the vein sheath including terminal elements. Tropical members tend to have the most highly sclerified leaves. In species of Manglietia the leaves have sclerified spongy mesophyll and either sclerified epidermis or hypodermis. In Talauma , sclerification affects the vein sheath and terminal cells of veinlets, with a specialized thick marginal vein in the Asian taxa but not in the American ones. Liriodendron and the magnolias native to the north temperate zone have only minimal sclerification, which usually is confined to the vein sheath of the midrib and the main lateral veins, and as idioblastic sclereids in the petiole and the midrib near the base of the blade. The two largest genera Magnolia and Michelia are heterogeneous and include species which vary as to their combinations of sclerified elements among the four possible types.     

杂交鹅掌楸体胚发生过程中ATP酶活性的超微细胞化学定位

利用透射式电镜,通过胚性细胞的超微切片观察,对杂交鹅掌楸体细胞胚胎发生和发育过程中ATP酶活性进行了超微细胞化学定位.结果表明,非胚性细胞的质膜、液泡膜等膜系统当中存在ATP酶活性,质体、核膜、细胞壁以及细胞间隙上有少许沉积;早期胚性细胞ATP酶反应产物主要沉积于质膜、液泡膜上、淀粉粒、细胞壁加厚处;胚性细胞后期ATP酶活性从质膜逐渐转移入细胞内,细胞质、壁旁体、胞间连丝、细胞膜与细胞间隙、细胞核等处均有ATP酶活性反应.随着胚性细胞的发育及分裂,包裹细胞的厚壁、细胞核、核仁与染色质等处也出现ATP酶活性反应沉淀物.说明杂交鹅掌楸体细胞胚胎发生及发育过程中存在丰富的能量代谢.     

两种鹅掌楸繁殖成效的比较

通过交配设计结合花部性状调查对鹅掌楸(Liriodendron chktense Sarg.)与北美鹅掌楸(L.tulipifera Linn.)的繁殖资源分配与繁殖成效进行了比较.结果表明,鹅掌楸通过增加繁殖器官的数目以提高繁殖成效,而北美鹅掌楸则通过提高繁殖器官功效来保障繁殖成效.根据不同交配组合的子代出苗率分析表明,鹅掌楸总体的雄性繁殖成效高于北美鹅掌楸,而雌性繁殖成效低于北美鹅掌楸.     

The Regulatory Roles of microRNAs and Associated Target Genes during Early Somatic Embryogenesis in <i>Liriodendron Sino-Americanum</i>

Somatic cells respond to considerable stress, and go through a series of phytohormone pathways, then forming an embryo. The developmental process is recorded as somatic embryogenesis (SE). One of the key components regulating SE are the microRNAs (miRNAs). Despite previous studies, it is still not clear exactly how miRNAs exert their function of regulating targets during conditionally activated early SE. Here, we use Liriodendron sino-americanum as a model system and perform a combined analysis of microfluidic chips and degradome sequencing to study this process. We identified a total of 386 conserved miRNAs and 153 novel miRNAs during early SE. According to the ANOVA test, 239 miRNAs showed 12 distinct expression patterns. Through degradome sequencing, 419 targets and 198 targets were identified for 136 known miRNAs and 37 novel miRNAs, respectively. Gene Ontology (GO) and metabolism pathway enrichment analysis revealed that these targets were significantly involved in oxidation-reduction processes, calmodulin-mediated signal transduction pathways and carbohydrate metabolism. The genes that were related to stress responses, phytohormone pathways and plant metabolism were identified within the targets of miR319, miR395, miR408, miR472, miR482, miR390, miR2055, miR156, miR157, miR171, miR396, miR397, miR529, miR535 and miR159. According to promoter analysis, various cis-acting elements related to plant growth and development, phytohormones response and stress response were present in the promoter of the miRNAs. The differential expression patterns of 11 miRNA-target modules were confirmed by real-time quantitative PCR. The study demonstrated that the miRNA plays an important role in the early SE process by regulating its target and then participating in carbohydrate metabolism and stress response. It also provided a valuable resource for further research in determining the genetic mechanism of SE, and then facilitating breeding programs on plants.     

北美鹅掌楸LtuFPPS1基因克隆与组织表达分析

法尼基焦磷酸合酶(farnesyl diphosphate synthase,FPPS)是植物萜类物质合成前体法尼基焦磷酸(farnesyl pyrophosphate,FPP)的关键合成酶。为探究北美鹅掌楸(Liriodendron tulipifera)萜类合成途径的分子机制,该文利用北美鹅掌楸转录组数据,通过设计特异性引物,采用RACE技术克隆得到LtuFPPS1基因的全长序列并进行生物信息学分析。结果表明:(1) LtuFPPS1基因全长1 460 bp,开放阅读框(ORF)长1 056 bp,编码351个氨基酸,蛋白质分子量为40 589.45 D,等电点为5.19,不稳定系数为43.50,归类为不稳定蛋白; LtuFPPS1基因所编码的蛋白不含信号肽,定位于线粒体,是一种不稳定亲水性蛋白,具有类异戊二烯类化合物合酶的特征结构域,α-螺旋为其氨基酸序列的主要二级结构。(2)进化树和同源序列分析表明,北美鹅掌楸LtuFPPS1蛋白与乐昌含笑(Michelia chapensis)的FPPS蛋白的亲缘关系更近。(3)组织表达分析结果发现,LtuFPPS1基因在北美鹅掌楸雌蕊中的表达量最高,其高低顺序为雌蕊花芽茎雄蕊萼片叶片花瓣根,据此推测萜类代谢物在花器官中的合成相对较多。综上所述,LtuFPPS1基因为萜类合成酶基因,可为从分子生物学层面探究北美鹅掌楸萜类物质的合成提供一定的理论帮助。     

未来气候变化对孑遗植物鹅掌楸地理分布的影响

为了解未来气候波动对鹅掌楸(Liriodendron chinense)潜在适生区的影响,利用最大熵模型(Maxent)和地理信息系统(ArcGIS)软件,结合物种地理分布点信息,对鹅掌楸当前适生区分布进行了模拟和划分,同时预测了2061-2080年间气候变化条件下鹅掌楸的潜在适生分布区变化,进而分析影响鹅掌楸地理分布的主要气候因子。结果表明,Maxent模型预测的准确性较高,受试者工作特征曲线(ROC)的曲线下面积(AUC)均大于0.9。在未来4种不同的气候变化场景下(RCP 2.6、RCP4.5、RCP 6.0和RCP 8.5)鹅掌楸的地理分布发生变化,在RCP 4.5情景下,鹅掌楸适生面积明显增加;RCP 8.5情景下适生面积明显减少,尤其在贵州地区以及贵州、重庆与湖南的交界处。因此,鹅掌楸适生区分布的几何中心不变,而适生面积随着温室气体浓度的增加呈现先增加后减少的趋势。昼夜温差月均值、最湿季降雨和最干季降雨是影响鹅掌楸地理分布的主要气候因子,其累计贡献率达77.1%。     

鹅掌楸属种间杂种优势与内源植物激素的关系

研究了鹅掌楸属 (Liriodendron)种间F1 杂种 (杂种马褂木L .chinense×L .tulipifera)及其亲本种 (中国马褂木L .chinense (Hemsl.)Sarg .和北美鹅掌楸L .tulipiferaL .)在生长性状和内源GA1 / 3 、IAA和iPA含量上的差异性。结果表明 :(1 )杂种马褂木高生长性状杂种优势主要是由节间的相对伸长造成的 ,鹅掌楸属节间伸长区位于顶芽下第1～ 3节间 ,其中第 1节间伸长量最大、是产生杂种优势的主要节间 ;(2 )中国马褂木、北美鹅掌楸和杂种马褂木内源GA1 / 3 、IAA和iPA含量差异很大 ,顶芽下第 1节间GA1 / 3 和iPA含量杂种家系分别为两个亲本种中含量相对较高的中国马褂木的 1 33.5 8%～ 2 84 .1 7%和 396 .6 4 %～ 1 2 6 4 .2 8%。杂种马褂木顶芽下第 1节间中GA1 / 3 和iPA含量的大量增加可能与高生长性状杂种优势有关 ;(3)杂种家系 3年生时其苗高生长量排序与顶芽下第 1节间中GA1 / 3 和iPA含量排序并不一致 ,不能以第 1节间GA1 / 3和iPA含量的高低作为预测杂种家系间杂种优势大小的依据     

峨眉山珍稀植物鹅掌楸组培过程中的膜脂过氧化

鹅掌楸(Liriodendron chinense(Hemsl.) Sarg.)是中国特有珍稀树种.鉴于目前还鲜有野生鹅掌楸组培过程生理生化变化的相关报道.本研究以峨嵋山野生鹅掌楸茎尖芽为外植体进行组织培养,并对其继代培养再生过程中超氧阴离子自由基(O_2~-)、过氧化氢(H_2O_2)和丙二醛(MDA)含量的变化进行了测定.研究结果表明,随着培养时间的延长,植物体中O_2~-和MDA含量呈现逐渐增加的变化趋势.这表明在连续继代培养条件下,植物体内活性氧会积累,引起膜脂过氧化.H_2O_2含量"S"形曲线变化,并随着再生芽的分化而上升,因此,H_2O_2不仅参与了膜脂过氧化过程,还可能作为一种细胞信号物质参与诱导细胞分化和再生芽的形成.该研究也为进一步用组织培养法保存峨眉山珍稀植物鹅掌楸种质资源提供了参考.