Sea Urchin Spines as a Model-System for Permeable, Light-Weight Ceramics with Graceful Failure Behavior. Part I. Mechanical Behavior of Sea Urchin Spines under Compression

The spines of pencil and lance urchins Heterocentrotus mammillatus and Phyllacanthus imperialis were studied as a modelof light-weight material with high impact resistance.The complex and variable skeleton construction ("stereom") of body andspines of sea urchins consists of highly porous Mg-bearing calcium carbonate.This basically brittle material with pronouncedsingle-crystal cleavage does not fracture by spontaneous catastrophic device failure but by graceful failure over the range of tensof millimeter of bulk compression instead.This was observed in bulk compression tests and blunt indentation experiments onregular,infiltrated and latex coated sea urchin spine segments.Microstructural characterization was carried out using X-raycomputer tomography,optical and scanning electron microscopy.The behavior is interpreted to result from the hierarchicstructure of sea urchin spines from the rnacroscale down to the nanoscale.Guidelines derived from this study see ceramics withlayered porosity as a possible biomimetic construction for appropriate applications.     

导入三叶草根瘤菌寄主范围基因对豌豆根瘤菌侵染白三叶草的影响

将带有三叶草根瘤菌寄主范围基因的豌豆根瘤菌(转移接合子182和290)接种白三叶草,观察比较它们对白三叶草早期侵染特征和结瘤情况。转移接合子182虽然诱导白三叶草根毛细胞弯曲,但未观察到侵染,也无侵染线形成;而转移接合子290能诱导白三叶草根毛形成紧密的弯曲,溶解根毛细胞壁和侵染白三叶草。结瘤试验表明,白三叶草接种转移接合子290所诱导的结瘤情况与接种三叶草根瘤菌野生型菌株ANU 843的情况很相似。转移接合子182只能诱导个别无效瘤,290和ANU843一样都能在白三叶草上结瘤。由此说明转移接合子如果只携带三叶草根瘤菌的部分寄主范围基因(FEL)仍不能在白三叶草上诱导侵染和正常结瘤,而必需携带全部寄主范围基因(FELMN)才能在白三叶草上正常结瘤。     

有关蛋白质工程和位点定向诱变的专利及文献

一、专利部分 本材料选自于1975.1—1986.2美国专利文献中与蛋白质工程、位点定向诱变及核苷酸变更有关的专利,并附有简要说明。这是根据专利的标题和摘要,以及从作为专利代理人的几个主要的生物技术公司的材料中选出来的。Bahl,C.P.变更单个核苷酸的方法     

1 生物动能学导言

1.1 生物学中的能流和物流地球上能量的基本来源是太阳的电磁幅射。高等植物、藻类和兰绿细菌利用这一幅射的可见和近短红外成分,驱动伴随分子氧释放的二氧化碳(光合自养生长)的还原同化作用     

Strategies for farmers and policy makers to control nitro-gen losses whilst maintaining crop production

The nitrogen (N) cycle is essentially 'leaky'. The losses of small amounts of nitrate to waters and of ammonia and nitrous oxide to the atmosphere are a part of the global biogeo-chemical N cycle. However, intensive agricultural production, industry and vehicle use have more than doubled the amount of 'reactive' N in the environment, resulting in eutrophication, ecosystem change and health concerns. Research has identified agricultural practices that cause large losses of N and, in some cases, developed solutions. This paper discusses the problems of maintaining productivity while reducing N losses, compares conventional with low input (integrated) and organic farming systems, and discusses wider options. It also looks at the need to integrate studies on N with other environmental impacts, set in the context of the whole farm system, to provide truly sustainable agricultural systems.     

羊肚菌保健胶囊的开发

简介羊肚菌的概况，食用、药用价值以及开发羊肚菌保健胶囊的重要性。     

追溯山茱萸科植物的性状进化和生物地理学历史——方法选择的影响?

This study compares results on reconstructing the ancestral state of characters and ancestral areas of distribution in Cornaceae to gain insights into the impact of using different analytical methods. Ancestral character state reconstructions were compared among three methods (parsimony, maximum likelihood, and stochastic character mapping) using MESQUITE and a full Bayesian method in BAYESTRAITS and inferences of ancestral area distribution were compared between the parsimony-based dispersal-vicariance analysis (DIVA) and a newly developed maximum likelihood (ML) method. Results indicated that among the six inflorescence and fruit characters examined, "perfect" binary characters (no homoplasy, no polymorphism within terminals, and no missing data) are little affected by choice of method, while homoplasious characters and missing data are sensitive to methods used. Ancestral areas at deep nodes of the phylogeny are substantially different between DIVA and ML and strikingly different between analyses including and excluding fossils at three deepest nodes. These results, while raising caution in making conclusions on trait evolution and historical biogeography using conventional methods, demonstrate a limitation in our current understanding of character evolution and biogeography. The biogeographic history favored by the ML analyses including fossils suggested the origin and early radiation of Cornus likely occurred in the late Cretaceous and earliest Tertiary in Europe and intercontinental disjunctions in three lineages involved movements across the North Atlantic Land Bridge (BLB) in the early and mid Tertiary. This result is congruent with the role of NALB for post-Eocene migration and in connecting tropical floras in North America and Africa, and in eastern Asia and South America. However, alternative hypotheses with an origin in eastern Asia and early Trans-Beringia migrations of the genus cannot be ruled out.