Two new triterpenoid saponins from Gymnema sylvestre

Two new oleanane-type triterpenoid saponins, gymnemoside-W1 and W2, together with seven known compounds were isolated from the leaves of Gymnema sylvestre R. Br. By means of spectral and chemical analysis, the structures of the new compounds were elucidated as 16 β-hydroxyl olean-12-en-3-O-[β-D-glucopyranosyl (1→6)-β.D-glucopyranosyl]-28-O-β-D-glucopyranoside(1) and 16 β,21 β,28-trihydroxyl-olean-12-ene-3-O-glucoronopyranoside (2). The EtOHIH2O extracts of this plant were shown to be able to inhibit glucose absorption in rats.     

三七细胞在气升式反应器中的扩大培养研究

三七细胞在5升外循环、内循环气升式反应器中能正常生长并累积三七皂甙及多糖。外循环反应器中三七总皂甙含量最高可达9.48%;内循环反应器中三七多糖含量则可高达24%。但三七细胞生长比较缓慢的问题有待进一步研究。     

寡糖素对西洋参和人参愈伤组织培养的影响

红花、人参和黑节草寡糖素(简称CO、GO和DO)分别加入到培养基中,均能影响西洋参和人参愈伤组织生长和皂甙的合成。CO、GO和DO促进西洋参愈伤组织皂甙合成的最适浓度分别为5ppm、15ppm和10ppm,皂甙产率分别为14.89mg/flask、11.24mg/flask和14.53mg/flask,均明显高于对照(8.22mg/flash).CO、GO和DO促进人参愈伤组织皂甙合成的最适浓度分别为5ppm、20ppm和5ppm,皂甙产率分别为11.79mg/flask、11.20mg/flask和10.48mg/flask,均明显高于对照(6.65mg/flask),它们在适度浓度下对人参愈伤组织的生长均有促进作用。     

油茶皂素化学和物理特性及其开发利用研究

油茶皂素学名茶皂角甙,结构糖是由葡萄糖醛酸,阿拉伯糖,木糖及半乳糖组成,结构酸是由反（顺）白芷酸及醋酸组成。茶皂角甙是由结构相似５─７种三萜类皂甙元构成。油茶皂素的表面活性主要是结构一端为疏水的脂肪酸基团,另一端为结构糖,结构酸亲水基团,吸附和胶团化,使皂素可用来做乳化剂,洗涤剂,发泡剂,分散剂,润湿剂,洗发剂,清洗剂,柔软剂等。     

人参茎叶皂甙对不同年龄大白鼠心肌细胞的影响

实验用3—5月龄青年鼠11只,18月龄老年鼠13只,各分对照与实验两组,实验组在基础饲料中加入参皂甙。三个月后取心肌制超薄切片,电镜观察。青年对照组与实验组心肌结构未见明显差别。老年对照组心肌细胞间胶元纤维增多。细胞内脂褐素数量增多,电子密度致密。核内异染色质在核边缘堆积且核边缘不规则,多凹陷。线粒体在肌原纤维间排列不整齐,线粒体嵴破裂以致消失。实验组细胞结构有所改善,表现在核边缘比较完整,异染色质较少,而且大部分线粒体嵴结构较清晰,脂褐素电子密度较低,文中井讨论了脂褐素的来源。     

三七愈伤组织的培养

在MS培养基中加入不同浓度的KT和2,4-D,综合考虑三七愈伤组织生长缓慢兼顾皂甙含量,较合适的KT浓度为0.7ppm,较合适的2,4-D浓度在2—3ppm之间。在培养基中补充各种添加剂,结果以椰子乳和水解乳蛋白较好。综合生长和皂甙含量以20％的椰子乳和0.7％的水解乳蛋白较合适。从21个三七愈伤组织无性繁殖系中筛选山了5个较优的无性系,特别是其中04号无性系更优,无论生长速率还是总皂甙含量都更高。通过以上研究,使三七愈伤组织的生长速率达220毫克/升/天,是原初培养愈伤组织(54.0mg干重/升/天)的4倍。愈伤组织中总皂甙含量高达13％,是原初培养愈伤组织(5.37％)的2.4倍,为原植物的3倍。从而证明了三七培养组织次级代谢的全能性是可调节的,为三七细胞工程的工业生产应用打下了初步基础。     

三七.人参和西洋参细胞悬浮培养的比较研究

用薄层层析对三七、人参和西洋参愈伤组织进行的初步鉴定表明,三种愈伤组织都含有皂甙和主要皂甙成分Rb_1、Rg_1,三七愈伤组织还含有一种抗癌皂甙Rh_1。对愈伤组织的生长,三七低于人参高于西洋参;对愈伤组织中总皂甙含量,三七均高于人参和西洋参。三种植物细胞悬浮培养结果类似于他们的愈伤组织培养,但生长又进一步提高。三七细胞悬浮培养中皂甙产生的时间进程几乎与生长平行,合适的收获期为培养30天。寡糖素不仅增强三七培养细胞的皂甙形成而且促进细胞生长,较合适的浓度为1.25 ppm。通过以上研究,使三七悬浮培养细胞的生长(干重增加178毫克)为最初培养愈伤组织的4倍以上,总皂甙产率高达20.6毫克,为最初培养愈伤组织的8.5倍。     

Rumen Fermentation and Nitrogen Balance of Lambs fed Diets Containing Plant Extracts Rich in Tannins and Saponins,and Associated Emissions of Nitrogen and Methane

Tannins were added to experimental diets at levels of 1 and 2g/kg DM (hydrolysable tannins; Castanea sativa wood extract) and saponins at 2 and 30mg/kg DM (sarsaponin; Yucca schidigera extract). These levels were far below thresholds expected to be adverse in ruminants. Effects were measured in lambs by comparison with unsupplemented control diets calculated to be either deficient (10%) or adequate in protein. The diets consisted of hay, concentrate (1:1) and extra wheat starch with increasing body weight. Ruminal pH, VFA concentration, protozoa count and apparent digestibilities of organic matter and fibre did not differ among treatments. The low tannin dose significantly decreased bacteria count compared to the high saponin dose. Saponin supplementation and the high tannin dose showed some potential to reduce ruminal ammonia concentration. This was associated with weak trends towards lower urine N excretion (only tannins) and ammonia emission from manure. Methane release was increased by the low tannin dose compared to the unsupplemented control. Diet effects on heat production were not systematic. In conclusion, the extracts rich in tannins or saponins gave only slight indications for either increased body nitrogen retention or reduced nitrogen emission. However, effects might have been larger with more pronounced dietary protein deficit.