Environmental sensitivity differs between rabbit lines selected for reproductive intensity and longevity

To better understand the mechanisms that allow some animals to sustain their productive effort in harsh environmental conditions, rabbit does from two selection lines (LP and V) were housed in normal (NC), nutritional (NF) or heat (HC) challenging environmental conditions from first to third partum. The LP line (n=85) was founded on reproductive longevity criteria by selecting does from commercial farms that had a minimum of 25 partum with more than 7.5 kits born alive per parity. Line V (n=79) was constituted from four specialised maternal lines into a composite synthetic line and then selected by litter size at weaning for 36 generations. Female rabbits in NC and NF environments were housed at normal room temperature (18°C to 24°C) and fed with control [11.6 MJ digestible energy (DE)/kg dry matter (DM)] or low-energy diets (9.1 MJ DE/kg DM). HC does were housed at high room temperatures (25°C to 35°C) and fed the control diet. Female rabbits in the HC and NF environments ingested 11.5% and 6% less DE than NC does, respectively (P<0.05). These differences between environments occurred in both lines, with the differences being higher for LP than for V does (+6%; P<0.05). Milk yield responses followed those of energy intake also being higher for LP does (+21.3 g/day; P<0.05). The environmental conditions did not affect the perirenal fat thickness (PFT), but a genotype by environment interaction was observed. In NC and HC, the PFT was higher for line V (+0.23 and +0.35 mm, respectively; P<0.05) than for LP does, but this was not the case at NF (−0.01 mm). Moreover, the PFT evolution was different between them. In the NC environment, LP does used the accreted PFT in late lactation (−0.29 mm), whereas V does did not (−0.08 mm). Conversely, in the HC environment, LP does showed a flat PFT evolution in late lactation, whereas V does accumulated PFT. In the NF environment, LP and V does had a similar PFT evolution. There was also a litter size reduction for V does of −2.59 kits total born in HC and −1.78 kits total born in NF environments, whereas this was not observed for LP does. The results for LP does indicate a direct use of DE ingested for reproduction with little PFT change, whereas V does actively use the PFT reserves for reproduction.     

七叶一枝花种质资源在福建地区的适应性评价

针对南方低山丘陵区种植重楼存在资源混杂及可借鉴文献少等的问题，本文对搜集的120份重楼种质资源在福建省的物候期、病害发生和农艺性状进行观测，并对生长较好的资源采用HPLC法对重楼皂苷进行测定，利用主成分分析和权重评分法开展七叶一枝花种质资源适应性评价。结果表明搜集到的西南地区包括云贵川重楼资源在福建省的生育期不完整，物候期及农艺性状等指标较差，而另外有49份表现良好的为七叶一枝花资源，其中符合《中国药典》重楼皂苷含量的占55%。七叶一枝花资源的病害、农艺性状和重楼皂苷含量存在着广泛的变异，南方低山丘陵区种植重楼应选择当地或相似经纬度及地形地貌地区的七叶一枝花优异资源。七叶一枝花种质资源的评价，是以适应性、有效成分及农艺性状为主成分来进行权重评分，总得分越高则适应性越强。     

Big six of the individual adaptive ability of the sleep-wake cycle: Explanation and measurement

Research is directed at understanding the nature of differences between individuals in the adaptive abilities of their sleep-wake cycles. We proposed a three-dimensional model that reduces the subjectively assessed variation of the sleep-wake patterns to three underlying physiological variables. This model explains the results of factor analysis of chronotypological questionnaires and predicts the hierarchical structure of the sleep-wake adaptability with three most general abilities at the top level, six basic abilities at the middle level, and 18 primary (most specific) abilities at the bottom level. Any such subjectively assessed trait of any of these three hierarchical levels might be located in the space of three physiological parameters (namely, these are amplitude of circadian modulation of sleep-wake states, rate of accumulation of sleep debt and intensity of circadian arousal). The present study is aimed at generation and testing a particular prediction of the model. It points to the features of one basic and five primary abilities that are not accounted by the 52-item Sleep-Wake Pattern Assessment Questionnaire. Twenty new questionnaire items relevant to these predicted abilities were produced and corrected through a series of three questionnaire surveys of the residents of Novosibirsk (n = 150, 180 and 200). The results of factor analysis of the intermediate and final versions of the questionnaire provided evidence of applicability of the model for identification of the abilities that have not yet been measured by means of the questionnaire and for improvement of measurement of already identified abilities.     

基于“策略—反馈”的琶洲中东区韧性城市设计

珠江三角洲（简称“珠三角”）城市普遍受到气候变化和城市扩张的干扰，广州琶洲中东区作为珠三角的微观城市组团，是珠三角韧性演进表达的载体，以其为例探索整合城市与生态环境的韧性设计机制。首先辨析了城市韧性的分析方法、策略及评价体系，对珠三角的脆弱性进行背景研究；然后通过对琶洲中东区的脆弱性分析和灾害模拟，提出3 个层次的韧性整合策略，包括连接现有破碎的蓝绿系统的结构性策略，构建基于公共交通为导向（TODs）、垂直水岸的步行可达空间的连接方式以及分散式雨水存储系统与多用堤岸模式的节点处理；最后利用GIS、Fragstats 和Depthmap 等软件平台和数据分析手段，对韧性策略和设计方案进行评估并给予反馈，从而构建起微观城市组团层面全过程的“分析—策略—方案—反馈”的韧性城设计框架。结果表明：运用基于“策略—反馈”机制的方案设计有助于提升景观连接度、空间集成度，有效适应洪涝干扰，更好地落实城市韧性。     

惠州虎颜花光合特性及环境因子日变化规律

利用便携式光合蒸腾仪测定惠州虎颜花Tigridiopalma exalata的光合特性、蒸腾特性以及环境影响因子的日变化。结果表明，惠州虎颜花净光合速率的日变化为双峰型，净光合速率与光合有效辐射、大气湿度、蒸腾速率显著相关。通过测定惠州虎颜花的生理生态特性，可为其生态适应性研究提供基础数据，并为制定保护措施及扩大育种规模提供理论参考。     

我国近海龟足3个地理群体比较转录组及环境适应性研究

龟足(Capitulum mitella)隶属于节肢动物门(Arthropoda)指茗荷科(Pollicipedidae)龟足属，广泛分布于亚热带及热带近海沿岸中高潮地带。由于龟足生存环境复杂多变，可能导致其不同地理群体形成与其生境相适应的特征。本研究基于高通量测序技术对浙江舟山、福建宁德和广东珠海3个典型海域的龟足进行比较转录组分析，并利用生物信息学方法探究3个地理群体对环境的适应机制。结果表明，3个地理群体间存在651个(广东珠海和福建宁德群体间)至3 738个(浙江舟山和福建宁德群体间)数量不等的差异表达基因(DEGs)，主要涉及核糖体合成、抗原加工与递呈、分子伴侣代谢通路。基因序列的非同义替换率(K_a)和同义替换率(K_s)之间的比例K_a/K_s，如果其超过1，则认为有正选择压力作用于该基因，基因正在快速进化。3个地理群体间龟足直系同源基因正选择压力分析结果显示，254个直系同源基因中有7个基因受到正选择压力，包括D-天冬氨酸酶基因(K_a/K_s=2.0...