信息化合物在平腹小蜂寄主选择过程中的作用

利用“Y”型嗅觉仪研究了平腹小蜂对不同荔枝品种的离体叶片、活体植株、叶片挥发油和挥发物单个组分以及对荔枝蝽不同处理的的选择行为反应.结果表明,三月红和淮枝品种对平腹小蜂的引诱效果较好,而糯米糍、桂味、妃子笑和黑叶品种的作用不明显.作为荔枝叶片的主要挥发物组分,α-蛇麻烯和β-子丁香烯对平腹小蜂的引诱效果也不明显,但两者在天敌搜索寄主过程中表现为协同作用,并且当均以0.3 μl·μl^-1的浓度混合后,引诱效果最好.双向选择试验表明,平腹小蜂对荔枝蝽卵没有明显的趋性,而对荔枝蝽雌成虫及成虫腹末的水提液趋性较强.培养皿生测试验则表明,平腹小蜂在荔枝蝽卵样点处作出选择行为的数量和滞留次数最多,对荔枝蝽卵有较高的选择性.荔枝蝽成虫挥发物的主要组分(E)-2-己烯醛对平腹小蜂没有显著的引诱作用.     

沙柳灌丛植株形态与气流结构野外观测研究

通过野外观测,研究了毛乌素沙地南缘平沙地人工栽种单行沙柳灌丛的植株形态与气流结构.结果表明,沙柳灌能降低迎风侧和背风侧的近地面风速,使沙粒在植株下部沉积.积沙体积(V₂)与植株体积(V₁)相关性较高(R=0.696).单行沙柳灌丛在4 m高处风速为6 m·s^-1时的气流结构特征为:迎风侧3H处风速已降低,2 H处风速又得到加强,之后在背风侧迅速降低,1 H处达到最低值,然后逐渐恢复到旷野风速.防护距离约为17H',有效防护距离约为13 H'.沙柳灌丛对植株高度以上高度处风速影响较小.     

北京百花山附近杂灌丛的化学元素含量特征

绒毛绣线菊、荆条和蚂蚱腿子是百花山地区杂灌丛中的3种共优势植物。通过对植物(叶、主枝、侧枝、主根、侧根5个部位)和土壤中10种元素(N、K、Ca、Mg、Mn、Cu、Zn、Fe、Al和Na)的测定,发现在不同植物、同种植物的不同器官里,各种元素的含量有着显著的差异,而且还存在着季节性的变化。10种元素在群落里的积累量以Ca为最高,其次是N。在灌木层里的顺序为Ca>N>K>Mg>Fe>Al,在草本层里则为Ca>N>Al>Fe>K>Mg,而在枯枝落叶层里又为Ca>N>Al>Fe>Mg>K。土壤中营养元素的贮藏也以Ca为最高,其次是N,其它8种元素的顺序为Na>Mg>K>Ma>Al>Fe>Zn>Cu。植物富集系数以K、Fe和Al较高,最低是Na。Na是唯一在土壤中的含量大于植物中的一种元素。     

沿干旱梯度小叶锦鸡儿灌丛化对草本植物叶片矿质元素浓度及地上生物量累积的影响

草原灌丛化通过改变物种之间的相互作用深刻影响着群落的结构和功能。然而，当前有关灌木如何影响不同功能群草本植物对矿质元素吸收和累积的研究仍明显不足。在内蒙古草原沿干旱梯度选取了4个研究地点，对比分析了小叶锦鸡儿(Caragana microphylla)灌丛斑块内和斑块外群落中禾草和非禾草功能群植物叶中矿质元素浓度以及地上生物量生产的差异，旨在阐明干旱和灌木对群落草本植物叶元素累积的影响，揭示灌草间相互作用的元素利用特征及其随干旱梯度的变化。结果显示：1)随干旱加剧，灌丛斑块内的非禾草功能群植物地上生物量保持恒定，但叶中的K、Ca、Mg、Fe、Mn和Cu元素浓度显著增加(P<0.05)。该结果表明群落中的非禾草功能群植物通过提高叶中的矿质元素水平来抵御和适应干旱胁迫。2)随干旱加剧，灌丛对非禾草功能群植物地上生物量，叶中Ca、Fe、Cu和Zn,禾草功能群植物叶中的P的累积影响从负(RII<0)或中性(RII=0)转变为正效应(RII>0)。该结果与胁迫梯度假说相符，表明灌木对草本植物的促进效应随干旱胁迫加剧而增加。3)灌丛的“沃岛”效应是驱动灌木对草本植物元素累积正效应...     

Effects of nitrogen enrichment on root exudative carbon inputs in Sibiraea angustata shrubbery at the eastern fringe of Qinghai-Xizang Plateau

Aims Understanding the responses of root exudative carbon (C) to increasing nitrogen deposition is important for predicting carbon cycling in terrestrial ecosystems. However, fewer studies have investigated the dynamics of root exudation in shrubbery ecosystems compared to forests and grassland ecosystems. This objective of this study was to determine the effects of nitrogen fertilization on the rate and C flux of root exudates.Methods Three levels of nitrogen addition treatments were applied to a Sibiraea angustata shrubbery ecosystem situated at the eastern fringe of Qinghai-Xizang Plateau, including N₀ (without nitrogen application), N₅ (nitrogen addition rate of 5 g·m^-2·a^-1), and N₁₀ (nitrogen addition rate of 10 g·m^-2·a^-1), respectively, in 5 m ´ 5 m plots. Root exudates were collected in June, August and October of 2015, using a modified culture-based cuvette system. Root biomass in each plot was measured with root core method.Important findings The rates of root exudates on biomass, length, and surface area basis all displayed apparent seasonal variations during the experimental period, with the magnitude ranked in the order of: August > June > October, consistent with changes in soil temperature at 5 cm depth. With increases in the nitrogen addition rate, the rate of root exudates on biomass, length, and area basis all trended lower. Compared with the control (N₀), the N₅ and N₁₀ treatments significantly reduced fine root biomass in the Sibiraea angustata shrubbery, by 23.36% and 33.84%, respectively. The decreasing root exudation and fine root biomass in response to nitrogen addition significantly decreased C flux of root exudates. Our results provide additional evidences toward a robust theoretical foundation for better understanding soil C-nutrient cycling process mediated by root exudation inputs in Alpine shrubbery ecosystems under various environmental changes.     

东祁连山灌丛凋落叶水浸提液对垂穗披碱草种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响

为了解灌丛凋落叶在灌草群落结构维持中可能存在的潜在化感作用，以东祁连山3种优势灌木和灌下优势草种垂穗披碱草(Elymus nutans)为供试材料，分析了不同浓度(0.01 g/L、0.025 g/L、0.05 g/L、0.075 g/L、0.1 g/L)的金露梅(Potentilla fruticosa)、川滇柳(Salix rehderiana)、头花杜鹃(Rhododendron capitatum)及灌间草本的凋落叶水浸提液，对垂穗披碱草种子萌发、幼苗形态和生理指标的影响。结果表明：(1)垂穗披碱草种子发芽率与发芽势在金露梅与川滇柳凋落叶浸提液处理下呈“低促高抑”的浓度效应，在灌间草本凋落叶浸提液处理时表现为先升后降，而头花杜鹃凋落叶浸提液处理时均下降，并在浓度超过0.075 g/L时种子不发芽。(2)灌丛凋落叶浸提液对垂穗披碱草幼苗根长与干重均表现出抑制作用，且随浓度增大而增强；金露梅、川滇柳与灌间草本凋落叶浸提液对垂穗披碱草幼苗苗高表现出“低促高抑”的浓度效应；而头花杜鹃凋落叶浸提液处理对垂穗披碱草幼苗鲜重与苗高均呈抑制作用。(3)垂穗披碱草幼苗CAT、SOD活性随着浸提液...     

Biomass allocation patterns of Loropetalum chinense

Aims Biomass is the most fundamental quantitative character of an ecosystem. Biomass allocation patterns reflect the strategies of plants to adapt various habitat conditions and play a vital role in evolution, biodiversity conservation and global carbon cycle. Loropetalum chinense shrub is one of the most dominant shrub types in subtropical China. The objectives of this study were to quantify the allometric relationships and the biomass allocation pattern among organs, and to investigate the effects of body size, shrub regeneration origin and site factors on allometry and biomass allocation.
Methods Individual samples of L. chinense were harvested from shrublands in subtropical China and were further divided into leaves, stems and roots. The allometric relationships between different organs were modeled with standard major axis (SMA) regression and the biomass allocation to different organs was quantified. The effects of body size, shrub regeneration origin and other habitat factors on allometry and allocation were examined using Pearson’s correlation analysis and multiple linear regressions.
Important findings The isometric scaling relationships between shoot and root changed to allometric relationships with increasing basal diameter. The scaling relationships between leaf and stem and between leaf and root were isometric for smaller diameter classes, while for larger diameter classes they were allometric. These relationships were significantly different among shrub regeneration origin types. The scaling relationships between different organs were not affected by habitat factors; while the coverage of shrub layer and slope affected biomass allocation due to their influences on the allometric relationships between different organs at the initial stage of growth. The mean dry mass ratios of leaf, stem, root and the mean root to shoot ratio were 0.11, 0.55, 0.34 and 0.65, respectively. With the increase of basal diameter class, stem mass ratio (0.50-0.64) increased, while leaf mass ratio (0.12-0.08) and root mass ratio (0.38-0.28) decreased, and consequently root to shoot ratio (0.91-0.43) also decreased. In secondary shrublands, the leaf mass ratio was 0.12 and the root mass ratio was 0.33, while these values were 0.07 and 0.36 respectively in natural shrublands. The ratio of aboveground allocation was significantly correlated to shrub layer coverage (r = 0.44, p < 0.05). Leaf mass ratio was significantly correlated to slope (r = -0.36, p < 0.05) and root mass ratio was significantly correlated to mean annual temperature (r = 0.34, p < 0.05). Results showed that with the increase of body size, the scaling relationships between different organs of L. chinense changed from isometric to allometric, and more biomass was allocated to aboveground part, and concretely, to stems. Human disturbance affected biomass allocation by its influences on the allometric relationships between different organs, and by increasing biomass allocation to leaves and decreasing allocation to roots. Reduced light resource promoted the biomass allocation to aboveground part, and higher slope resulted in decreased biomass allocation to leaves, while higher mean annual temperature promoted biomass allocation to roots. The variation in annual precipitation had no significant influences on biomass allocation. The biomass allocation strategies of L. chinense partially support the optimal partitioning theory.     

Mammalian herbivory in post-fire chaparral impacts herbaceous composition but not N and C cycling

火后灌丛中哺乳动物食草性影响草本植物组成而不影响氮和碳循环 经典理论预测，草食动物通过选择性植物啃食和富含氮的排泄物的沉积影响草本植物组成和土壤氮循环，其影响取决于生态系统氮的有效性。据预测，草食动物在氮有效性高时可加速氮循环，而在氮有效性低时减慢其循环。然而，在自然系统中对这些理论的实验验证比较有限，并且有些结果相互矛盾。美国加利福尼亚州广泛分布的灌木林地为验证这些理论提供了一个可行的系统。它们易于发生周期性的林冠火，这会暂时移除活的灌木覆盖物，使土壤中的矿质氮沉积，并利于各种草本植物组合在3–5 年内形成主导景观。灌丛也越来越容易受到草本植物的入侵；哺乳动物的食草性可能会限制灌丛下层非本地草本植物的建立。我们设置一项为期两年的植食动物-围封实验，评估火灾后早期灌丛演替期间哺乳动物食草性对草本植物组合和土壤氮和碳循环的影响。我们预测，在火灾后高氮条件下，哺乳类食草动物不会更倾向于取食固氮草本植物，会加速氮循环并减少非本地草本植物的丰富度。研究结果表明，排除哺乳类食草动物后，尽管草本植物的现存生物量增加了54%，但固氮与非固氮草本植物的相对丰富度没有改变，也没有改变氮和碳循环的指标。在两年的实验期间内，草食动物对养分循环的影响可能并不显著，草食动物活动的物理影响可能抵消了植物凋落物和动物粪/尿输入的影响。哺乳类食草动物主要以典型的非本地草本植物为食，略微降低了它们的相对丰度；然而，在火灾后的前两年，哺乳动物的食草性并不能有效地阻止侵入性草本植物对灌丛的入侵，也不能改变植物的碳和氮循环。