树木高生长限制的几个假说

树木生长到一定年龄后高生长停滞, 对这一现象的解释存在很多争议。成熟假说认为树木顶端分生组织分裂活性下降导致树木高生长减慢。营养限制假说认为土壤中营养元素(特别是氮素)在植物活体或枯落物中积累使土壤中可利用的养分含量降低, 细根生物量增加和叶片光合能力下降导致了地上部分生长的减缓。呼吸假说认为边材呼吸消耗随个体发育的增加使投入到高生长的碳减少。水力限制假说认为水分运输阻力随高度增加而增加导致了叶片总光合碳同化下降, 分配到高生长的生物量减少。树木发展假说认为植物用多种调节机制克服随个体发育增加的水力阻力, 包括叶片结构和生理特征的变化, 叶/边材面积比降低, 边材渗透性和树干储水能力的增加等。水力限制假说得到了较多的关注, 对不同高度树木的叶比导率、光合特征和树干生长量等测定结果支持这一假说。但对这一假说 也存在很多的争议, 主要表现在: 水力阻力是否确实随高度的增加而增加, 水力阻力的分布, 补偿机制的作用和生物量分配转变等。本文综述了树木高生长限制的4个假说以及争论的焦点, 并总结了目前研究的热点问题和今后的研究方向。     

CO2浓度倍增与干旱胁迫对油松（Pinus tabulaeformis）相对分枝级水力结构的影响

在密闭式生长箱内经过13个月高CO2浓度培养的5年生油松(Pinus tabulaeformis)为实验对象,采用改良冲洗法研究了CO2浓度倍增(720μmolmol-1)与干旱胁迫交互作用对油松相对分枝级水力结构参数的影响.通过测定油松不同分枝级的水力结构参数分别在720μmolmol-1 CO2和380μmolmol-1 CO2(大气现有CO2浓度)浓度下随着干旱胁迫的变化,得出不同分枝级的导水率(Kh)、比导率(Ks)和胡伯尔值(Hv)在2个CO2浓度下均随着干旱胁迫的增加而逐渐下降,叶比导率(Lsc)在720μmolmol-1CO2浓度下随着干旱胁迫的增加非线性变化(0级>2级>1级)不同于380μmolmol-1 CO2(0级>1级>2级).同期干旱胁迫条件下,720μmolmol-1CO2浓度下的Kh、Ks、Lsc 和Hv均大于380μmolmol-1 CO2且差异显著.根据整株苗木的水势将苗木的水分状况分为4个梯度,在正常水分(-0.45～-0.65MPa)、轻度干旱(-1.15～-0.75MPa)和中度干旱(-1.95～-1.35MPa)胁迫时,3个分枝级均在720μmolmol-1CO2条件下的Kh和Ks较380μmolmol-1 CO2增加,说明交互作用能提高导水能力,同时加快水分运输效率.在重度干旱(＜-2.80MPa)胁迫时Kh比380μmolmol-1 CO2增加,而Ks比380μmolmol-1 CO2减小,即交互作用提高了水分运输的安全性,却减少了有效性.     

双酶法制备玉米皮膳食纤维的研究

采用蛋白酶和淀粉酶结合水解制备玉米皮膳食纤维,通过正交试验确立了玉米皮膳食纤维的双酶法制备工艺。双酶法制备的玉米皮膳食纤维的产率为59.4%,膳食纤维的蛋白质量分数为0.82%,淀粉质量分数为1.42%,灰分为0.4%,水分质量分数为8.6%,持水力为5.9±0.4 g.g-1。     

无粪便生活污水SMBR快速处理技术

针对传统生活污水水质相对复杂,处理与回用较为困难的问题,提出在收集时排除粪便水,选择厨房、洗漱、洗澡、洗涤的污水,利用浸没式膜生物反应器(SMBR)技术实现无粪便污水的快速处理,再生水回用于冲厕.结果表明:此种污水COD、NH4+-N和TP含量低,具有良好的可生化性,可大大降低处理周期与处理成本.本技术优化的主要工艺条件为:污泥浓度范围7000～9100 mg·L-1,污泥龄(SRT)40～55 d,水力停留时间(HRT)为80min,气水比为12～15,处理效果好,微滤膜对稳定出水水质起到重要作用.在此条件下,COD、NH4+-N和TP去除率分别为85.5%、53.1%和44.9%.出水COD在20～30 mg·L-1,BOD5为1～5 mg·L-1,NH4+-N为2～3.08 mg·L-1,TP为0.59～0.9 mg·L-1,LAS为0.41～0.67 mg·L-1,去除效果较好,再生水水质可达到<城市污水再生利用城市杂用水水质>(GB/T 18920-2002)标准.     

植物叶片水力与经济性状权衡关系的研究进展

叶片既是植物光合产物形成的主要场所, 又是整株植物的水力瓶颈、应对灾难性水力失调的安全阀门, 是植物碳水耦合权衡的重要器官。叶经济型谱反映了叶片经济性状“投资-收益”的权衡, 为验证植物进化过程中形成的物种对策提供了适用的理论框架。叶片水力性状变化会影响叶片经济性状及植物存活和生长。因此, 探索植物叶片水力与经济性状的权衡关系, 对建立植物碳-水耦合模型、揭示植物水-碳投资机理、扩展植物性状型谱等均有重要意义。该文首先综述了叶片水力性状、经济性状及两者之间的权衡关系, 分析了叶片导水率与水力脆弱性、失膨点水势、水容、安全阈值等水力性状以及与叶片的形态、结构和气体交换功能性状之间的关系。然后, 从叶片形态、解剖和叶脉网络结构以及气孔功能方面探讨了叶片水力性状与经济性状的调节机制。最后, 提出今后应加强三方面的研究: (1)探索建立植物根-茎-叶水力输导系统的碳-氮-水资源的整株经济型谱, 以揭示植物功能结构耦合、高效固碳用水的生理生态学机制; (2)探索叶片水力安全、水力效率和固碳效率之间的普适性权衡关系, 以深入理解抗旱植物叶片构建的生物物理结构与生理代谢的关系; (3)探索个体水平碳水代谢关系、水分运输与生长速率的耦合, 为代谢推演理论和植物群落尺度预测提供基础。     

Anatomical characteristics of xylem in tree rings and its relationship with environments

The anatomical traits of xylem are the characteristics of tree rings at the cellular and subcellular scales, and are often reflection of environmental signals. Studying the relationships between anatomical traits of xylem and environmental change not only provide physiological explanations to the statistics in dendroclimatology, but can also provide a new vision for studying the adaptation process and response strategies of tree growth to climate change. In this paper, with the relationships between the anatomical characteristics of xylem in tree-rings (cell chronology) and climate change as a main thread, we first outline the basic principles and mechanisms of wood anatomical features to record environmental signals, and expounded the basic methods involved in the process of xylem anatomy. Secondly, we discuss the relationship between the anatomical features of xylem and climate factors. We then propose the following as possible directions of future research based on the existing knowledge gap in the topical area: (1) to explore the temporal and spatial variations in the anatomical characteristics of xylem in tree-rings along radial and tangential directions and the relationships with environmental changes; (2) to explore the threshold of tree growth response to environmental plasticity and adaptation processes; (3) to assess the synergistic and antagonistic effects as well as the formation mechanisms of climate response among different tree-ring proxies, and to determine the specific roles and contributions of major climatic factors during different periods of tree-ring formation.     

Variations and interrelationships of foliar hydraulic and photosynthetic traits for Larix gmelinii

Aims Variations and potential trade-offs of leaf hydraulic and photosynthetic traits are essential for assessing and predicting the effect of climate change on tree survival, growth and distribution. Our aims were to examine variations and interrelationships of leaf hydraulic and photosynthetic traits in response to changes in site conditions for Dahurian larch (Larix gmelinii)—a dominant tree species in Chinese boreal forests.Methods This study was conducted at the Maoershan Forest Ecosystem Research Station. A transect of 27 year-old Dahurian larch plantation was established that consisted of five plots extending from the valley to the ridge of a slope. The predawn leaf water potential (Ψ_pre), area- and mass-based leaf hydraulic conductance (K_area and K_mass, respectively), resistance to embolism capacity (P₅₀), leaf mass per area (LMA), net photosynthetic rate (A), and leaf nitrogen content (N) were measured in August 2016.Important findings The Ψ_pre, K_area, K_mass, P₅₀, A, LMA, and N all varied significantly among the plots (p < 0.05), indicating significant intra-specific variations in these traits in response to the changes in site conditions. The P₅₀ was significantly (p < 0.05) correlated with Ψ_pre, K_area or K_mass, suggesting that a trade-off between hydraulic efficiency and safety exist within the species to some degree. There were significant (p < 0.05) pairwise correlations between A, LMA, and N. Nevertheless, there was no significant (p < 0.05) correlation between the measured photosynthetic traits and hydraulic traits. We concluded that the intra-specific variations and multiple interrelationships of the leaf hydraulic and photosynthetic traits for the larch reflect the plasticity of its leaf traits and strategies of its survival and growth as a result of its acclimation to diverse site conditions.     

达标污水离岸排海末端处置技术研究综述

达标污水离岸排海处置具有低成本、高处理率等优点,是国内外沿海港口和临港工业园区进行污水处置的重要选择。介绍了国内外达标污水离岸排海末端处置技术的发展情况,分析了排污口位置选划、扩散器射流参数及水力结构优化等研究技术上存在的问题。认为排污口位置选划应在水动力、污染物扩散、泥沙冲淤及工程经济因素分析的基础上,还需要重点考虑污水排放对区域生态要素长期的影响;排海末端扩散器射流参数及水力结构优化也尤为关键,不仅直接影响稀释扩散效果,而且涉及到主管、上升管、喷口等多个可控因子,可以采用建立物理模型、数值模型及量纲分析等方法,合理优化扩散器的结构参数和扩散器的型式,对提高达标污水离岸处置的效果具有重要意义。     

柳苗对盐激的快速反应

采用电子称重法检测了柳(Salix babylonica L.)苗蒸腾对盐激(NaCl)的快速反应。结果表明,100～500mmol/L的NaCl处理柳苗根系时,均能引起根系中产生一个负水压信号,并以极快的速度传递至冠部叶片,引起植物体液向下流动,在1～2s内使柳苗蒸腾速率增加至原来的8～15倍,然后逐渐下降,8～12min后,蒸腾速率保持在原来的水平(或略低)。另外,在蒸腾速率变化约2min后,在叶片区柳茎表面记录到电波的快速传递(速度变化范围在28～120mm·s~(-1)),这可能是主动调节冠部水分消耗的一个信号。     

Hydraulic architecture of evergreen broad-leaved woody plants at different successional stages in Tiantong National Forest Park,Zhejiang Province,China

Aims Hydraulic architecture is a morphological strategy in plants to transport water in coping with environmental conditions. Change of hydraulic architecture for plants occupying different canopy layers within community and for the same plant at different successional stages reflect existence and adaptation in plant's water transportation strategies. The objective of this study was to examine how hydraulic architecture varies with canopy layers within a community and with forest succession.Methods The study site is located in Tiantong National Forest Park, Zhejiang Province, China. Hydraulic architectural traits studied include sapwood-specific hydraulic conductivity, leaf-specific hydraulic conductivity, Huber value, sapwood channel area of twigs, total leaf area per terminal twig, and water potential of twigs. We measured those traits for species that occur in multiple successional stages (we called it "overlapping species") and for species that occur only in one successional stage (we called it "turnover species") along a successional series of evergreen broadleaved forests. For a given species, we sampled both overstory and understory trees. Hydraulic architectural traits between overstory and understory trees in the same community and at successional stages were compared. Pearson correlation was used to exam the relationship between hydraulic architectural traits and the twig/leaf traits.Important findings Sapwood-specific hydraulic conductivities and leaf-specific hydraulic conductivities were significantly higher in overstory trees than those in understory trees, but did not significantly differ from successional stages. Huber value decreased significantly for understory trees, but did not change for overstory trees through forest successional stages. For overstory trees, a trend of decreasing sapwood-specific hydraulic conductivity was observed for overlapping species but not for turnover species with successional stages. In contrast, for understory trees, a trend of decreasing Huber values was observed for turner species but not for overlapping species with successional stages. Across tree species, sapwood-specific hydraulic conductivity was positively correlated with sapwood channel area and total leaf area per terminal twig size. Huber value was negatively correlated to water potential of twigs and total leaf area per terminal twig size. These results suggest that water transportation capacity and efficiency are higher in overstory trees than in understory trees across successional stages in evergreen broadleaved forests in Tiantong region. The contrasting trends of sapwood-specific hydraulic conductivity between overlapping species and turnover species indicate that shift of microenvironment conditions might lead to changes of hydraulic architecture in overstory trees, whereas species replacement might result in changes of hydraulic architecture in understory trees.