薇甘菊精油化学成分及其对小菜蛾的驱避及产卵抑制作用(英文)

用四臂嗅觉仪测定了小菜蛾对薇甘菊挥发油、芋烯、α-松油烯、里哪醇、β-石竹烯、马鞭草烯酮6种挥发物嗅觉反应,在网室,比较了挥发油及5种挥发物对小菜蛾雌虫产卵的驱避效果。结果表明:薇甘菊挥发油不仅对小菜蛾成虫有明显的驱避作用,而且能显著地减少其成虫在寄主植物上的产卵量。薇甘菊挥发油所含的5种挥发性化合物中芋烯、α-松油烯和里哪醇表现出较强的驱避效果(流量为100-180mL/min)和产卵抑制作用(剂量为10-20μL/株),而小菜蛾对马鞭草烯酮和β-石竹烯的嗅觉反应以及小菜蛾在这两种化合物处理的寄主植物上的产卵量与对照相比无显著差异。     

香芹酮和薄荷醇手性异构体对淡色库蚊熏蒸及驱避活性

【目的】比较香芹酮和薄荷醇各手性异构体对淡色库蚊Culex pipiens pallens成蚊的熏蒸及驱避活性,为其应用提供理论依据。【方法】以3日龄淡色库蚊雌成蚊为供试昆虫,采用三角瓶熏蒸法比较测定香芹酮和薄荷醇的5种手性异构体的击倒与熏蒸致死活性;用Y-型嗅觉仪法比较测定驱避作用;将活性较好单体制成电热蚊香片,用方箱法进一步评价药效。【结果】5种异构体对淡色库蚊均具有一定的击倒和致死作用,其中L-香芹酮的击倒速度最快,KT50为9.75 min;D-香芹酮的致死作用最强,LC50为0.26μL/L。L-香芹酮和D-香芹酮对淡色库蚊均具较好的驱避作用,在0.5μL剂量下,处理30 min后的驱避率仍达100%。方箱法实验表明,以200μL的L-香芹酮和D-香芹酮为有效成分的电热蚊香片加热1 h后,对淡色库蚊雌成蚊的KT50分别为13.70和17.90 min。【结论】香芹酮对淡色库蚊雌成蚊的熏杀活性优于薄荷醇,且不同异构体的活性存在显著差异,L-香芹酮具备被开发为植物源卫生害虫防控剂的潜力。     

Repellent,antifeedant and toxic effects of Ageratum conyzoides (Linnaeus) (Asteraceae) extract against Helicovepra armigera (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

Repellent, antifeedant and toxic effect of crude hexane extract of Ageratum conyzoides were investigated against Helicoverpa armigera. In orientation bioassay, the extract exhibited dose-dependent repellency against neonates. Extract significantly increased the mortality and decreased growth of different larval stages when administrated orally in artificial diet. EC₅₀ value was at 0.11% for larval growth inhibition. Toxicity of the extract was manifested by high mortality of first instar larvae after 7 days of feeding on diet containing 0.05–0.4% of extract with LC₅₀ of 0.17%. Under choice bioassay, extract showed strong antifeedant activity against fifth instar larvae with DI₅₀ of 0.21%. In nutritional bioassay, extract significantly reduced RCR, RGR, ECI and ECD of fifth instar larvae with increased AD. When RGR were plotted against RCR, the growth efficiency of larvae fed on treated diet was significantly lower than the control fed larvae suggesting the antifeedant and toxic effect of extract.     

中国蛭类动物生态地理类群特征及其防护医用研究进展

综述中国蛭类研究如下内容:(1)生态学.山蛭生态学,包括山蛭的生态分布,海南山蛭(H. hainana)的种群动态,对温度、土壤湿度和pH值的适应,以及对温、光、湿的综合反应和人类经济活动对其种群数量的影响;山蛭行为生态学,山蛭的运动包括慢缩短、快缩短、身体摆动和转动、洗刷运动、亲吻运动、觅食行为6程序,影响山蛭行为的一些因素以及对环境因素刺激的生态学意义;淡水水蛭生态学,包括浙江水田蛭类生活习性、广州水生光润金线蛭种群数量动态与水体化学因子关系、广州水田吸血菲牛蛭生活水体化学环境;山蛭和水生吸血菲牛蛭的觅食、生长动态、生命周期和生殖生物学;(2)形态学、分类学和动物地理学.形态学包括山蛭机能组织学、山蛭器官系统解剖;分类学,中国蛭类动物有2亚纲(蛭蚓亚纲、真蛭亚纲)、3目(蛭蚓目、吻蛭目、无吻目)、9科、33属、111种,占世界蛭类物种数约1/6;动物地理学,包括世界山蛭科属动物地理,中国山蛭科动物地理、中国医蛭科动物地理.(3)蛭类的防治和驱避,淡水吸血蛭类防治所用农药种类,不同农药对海南山蛭的毒力( LD50、LD95)及使用,并比较了12种驱避剂对海南山蛭的驱避效果.(4)蛭类的医学利用,蛭素是蛭类唾液腺分泌的一种抗凝物质,蛭素有水蛭素(Hirudin)、山蛭素(Haemadin)和吻蛭素(Hementin).记述了蛭素的分离、纯化和功能以及有关分子生物学内容.     

蚯蚓野外采样方法评述

蚯蚓作为土壤生态系统的关键组成部分,不但可以改善土壤结构,而且与许多生物化学养分循环直接相关,对土壤质量改善和土壤生产力提高起到至关重要的作用.然而,蚯蚓野外采样方法的系统研究和评估还比较缺乏,在国内尤其少见.本文综述了目前国内外常见蚯蚓野外采样方法的操作过程、优缺点、有效性以及对蚯蚓种群特征研究结果可能产生的影响,认为在允许扰动土壤的区域,利用驱虫剂与手拣法相结合进行蚯蚓采样能够较为准确地反映蚯蚓种群和生物量的真实特征;在不能扰动土壤的区域异硫氰酸烯丙酯(AITC)溶液方法是最佳选择.     

Pesticidal and pest repellency activities of a plant derived triterpenoid 2α,3β,21β,23,28-penta hydroxyl 12-oleanene against Tribolium castaneum

Background

Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) is a major pest of stored grain-based products, and cause severe damage to cereal grains throughout the world. The present investigation was aimed to determine the pesticidal and pest repellent activities of 2α,3β,21β,23,28-penta hydroxyl 12-oleanene against T. castaneum. The compound 2α,3β,21β,23,28-penta hydroxyl 12-oleanene is a triterpenoid which was isolated from the roots of Laportea crenulata Gaud. Surface film technique was used for pesticidal screening, whereas, pest repellency property of the triterpenoid was determined by filter paper disc method.

Results

At 24 hours of exposure duration, significant mortality records (80% and 86%) were observed at doses 0.88 and 1.77 mg/cm². No significant change in mortality records was observed when duration of exposure was increased up to 48 hours. The triterpenoid showed significant repellency activity at doses 0.47 and 0.94 mg/cm².

Conclusion

These data suggest that the triterpenoid 2α,3β,21β,23,28-penta hydroxyl 12-oleanene possess both pesticidal and pest repellency activities against T. castaneum and can be used in controlling the pest of grain-based products.

Electronic supplementary material

The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/0717-6287-47-68) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.     

石菖蒲提取物对四种储粮害虫的生物活性研究

研究了石菖蒲4种溶剂无水乙醇、丙酮、乙酸乙酯、石油醚提取物对玉米象、谷蠹、长角扁谷盗和锯谷盗4种储粮害虫的驱避作用和触杀作用。结果表明：石菖蒲4种溶剂提取物对4种试虫均有明显的驱避作用和触杀作用,处理60 h的平均驱避等级均达到Ⅲ级以上,对4种试虫的触杀死亡率均达到41.11%以上。     

青杨脊虎天牛对植物源挥发物的EAG和行为反应

测定了青杨脊虎天牛Xylotrechus rusticus （L.）雌、雄成虫对其寄主杨树中的水杨醛（0.95 μmol/μL）和非寄主植物中0.3 μmol/μL的叶绿醇、0.4 μmol/μL的水芹烯和0.6 μmol/μL的 R 型α-蒎烯、S 型α-蒎烯、S型β-蒎烯、3-蒈烯、罗勒烯、香草烯和松节油等10种植物挥发性气味物质的触角电位（EAG）反应。结果表明,与对照相比,这10种植物挥发物多能引起成虫明显的EAG反应( P<0.05,P<0.01 ),其中雌虫对松节油、水杨醛、R 型α-蒎烯和 S 型α-蒎烯的EAG反应较强; 雄虫对 R 型α-蒎烯的EAG反应最强,松节油次之。根据雌虫对这10种挥发物EAG反应的强弱,进一步测定了雌虫对0.00006、0.0006、0.006、0.06、0.6、0.12 μmol/μL的松节油、R 型α-蒎烯、S 型α-蒎烯以及0.000095、0.00095、0.0095、0.095、0.95、0.19 μmol/μL的水杨醛的EAG和行为反应。结果表明,雌虫对松节油、水杨醛和 R 型α-蒎烯的EAG反应随气味物质浓度的增加而增加,水杨醛浓度增加到0.95 μmol/μL、松节油和 R 型α-蒎烯浓度增加到0.6 μmol/μL以后,EAG反应值趋于平稳;对 S 型α-蒎烯的反应随浓度的增加而呈线性增加。水杨醛浓度低于0.095时,对雌虫没有明显的定向作用( P>0.05 ),高于此浓度时表现为驱避作用( P<0.05 ); 松节油在浓度低于或等于0.6 μmol/μL时对雌虫表现为驱避作用,浓度为0.6时驱避效果最佳（ P<0.01 ）。雌虫对 R 型α-蒎烯和 S 型α-蒎烯没有明显的定向行为反应。