Piriformospora indica?rescues growth diminution of rice seedlings during high salt stress

Piriformospora indica association has been reported to increase biotic as well as abiotic stress tolerance of its host plants. We analyzed the beneficial effect of P. indica association on rice seedlings during high salt stress conditions (200 and 300 mM NaCl). The growth parameters of rice seedlings such as root and shoot lengths or fresh and dry weights were found to be enhanced in P. indica-inoculated rice seedlings as compared with non-inoculated control seedlings, irrespective of whether they are exposed to salt stress or not. However, salt-stressed seedlings performed much better in the presence of the fungus compared with non-inoculated control seedlings. The photosynthetic pigment content [chlorophyll (Chl) a, Chl b, and carotenoids] was significantly higher in P. indica-inoculated rice seedlings under high salt stress conditions as compared with salt-treated non-inoculated rice seedlings, in which these pigments were found to be decreased. Proline accumulation was also observed during P. indica colonization, which may help the inoculated plants to become salt tolerant. Taken together, P. indica rescues growth diminution of rice seedlings under salt stress.     

黑果枸杞不同组织内生细菌群落多样性

【目的】黑果枸杞是我国荒漠区特有的药用盐生植物,本研究分析了黑果枸杞不同组织中内生细菌群落多样性特征及分布规律。【方法】应用Illumina MiSeq高通量测序技术对黑果枸杞内生细菌的16S rRNAV5-V7区域序列进行测定,并分析群落组成、多样性及功能等生物学信息。【结果】黑果枸杞不同组织内生细菌群落多样性及功能均有较大的差异。花、叶、果、茎和根产生的OTUs分别是182、173、119、187和254,群落多样性表现为根花果、茎叶。从门水平上看,变形菌门是优势菌门,在不同组织中均有分布,花、叶、果、茎和根中的相对丰度分别为87.66%、41.51%、81.76%、97.67%和61.85%。在属水平上显示内生细菌的分布表现出器官差异性。花部能够准确分类的优势菌属为沙雷氏菌属和不动杆菌属,相对丰度分别为11.57%和8.55%。叶部为红球菌属和慢生根瘤菌属,相对丰度分别为29.68%和5.53%。果实中为泛菌属、红球菌属和沙雷氏菌属,相对丰度分别为23.12%、5.52%和4.29%。茎部为沙雷氏菌属和假单胞菌属,相对丰度分别为12.03%和17.71%。根部为盐单胞菌属、Fodinicurvata和Lipingzhangella,相对丰度分别为24.18%、5.16%和4.86%。在不同组织中分布较广的盐单胞菌、沙雷氏菌、不动杆菌、红球菌、泛菌等菌属均具有较高耐盐性和促生、生防、降解有机污染物及抗氧化等功能。PICRUSt功能预测分析显示,黑果枸杞组织中内生细菌功能中涉及丰富的多糖、萜类和酮类、酶及维他命等次生代谢产物的生物合成。【结论】黑果枸杞内生细菌具有丰富的群落和功能多样性,拥有多种益生功能性状,也含有多个与人和植物体代谢相关的功能信息。不同组织优势菌属和功能信息各有不同,其中根部的内生细菌物种最丰富,花部和茎部参与各种代谢调控的细菌丰度最高。此外,不同组织中还含有大量未知种属的微生物类群,这些都为内生细菌功能利用和挖掘新的有益微生物资源提供广阔的发展空间。     

Microbial analysis of cucumbers (Cucumis sativus) produced with tap or treated waste water

There is increasing evidence for a significant role of fruits and vegetables in infectious diseases in humans. Their consumption is increasing and environmental factors such as water availability are impacting their production. In this study, adding fertiliser to tap water (TW) increased the microbial load above that found in treated waste water (TWW); coliforms were also introduced. Low numbers of Bacillus spp. were recovered from inside some healthy cucumber fruits. No visible differences were observed between cucumber plants irrigated with TWW or TW or cucumbers with and without endophytic Bacillus spp. This is noteworthy when considering the use of TWW for crop irrigation.     

茅苍术叶片可培养内生细菌多样性及其促生潜力

对江苏省道地药材茅苍术叶片可培养内生细菌的多样性及其固氮、解磷、解钾、产生长素的能力进行研究。依据菌落形态的不同,共分离得到52株内生细菌。能正常传代培养的45株内生细菌经ARDRA分析后归入14个聚类簇,簇内菌株的BOX-PCR指纹图谱相似度不高,在属水平上显示出茅苍术内生细菌丰富的多样性。各聚类簇代表菌株16S rDNA的序列分析表明分离得到的内生细菌与泛菌属、微杆菌属、短杆菌属、农杆菌属、假单胞菌属、芽孢杆菌属细菌亲缘关系相近,优势内生细菌与假单胞菌属细菌亲缘关系相近。45株能正常传代培养的内生细菌中,有10株能够在无氮培养基上正常生长,具固氮潜力。使用nifH基因通用引物对其基因组进行扩增后,除ALEB 33外,其它9株内生细菌均可获得与nifH基因片段大小相近的条带。分别使用NBRIP培养基和蒙金娜有机磷培养基筛选后获得19株和15株能够溶解磷酸钙和卵磷脂的内生细菌,其中ALEB 43溶解无机磷的能力最强,达(251.43±6.55)mg/L;ALEB 4A溶解有机磷的能力最强,达(23.63±1.46)mg/L。部分内生细菌溶解无机磷的能力与其产酸能力呈正相关,而菌株溶解有机磷的能力却无此相关性。通过硅酸盐培养基的筛选,获得具有解钾潜力的菌株24株。43株内生细菌能够将色氨酸转化为生长素,其中ALEB 44产生长素的能力最强,达(268.44±10.12)μg/mL。本研究首次揭示了江苏省道地药材茅苍术体内丰富的内生细菌资源及其促生长潜力,对进一步阐述茅苍术与内生菌之间的相互关系具有重要意义。     

杜仲内生真菌DZ05的鉴定及抗菌生物活性研究

结合菌株的形态学特征和ITS序列分析结果,对1株分离自杜仲茎部的内生真菌菌株DZ05进行鉴定,并对其在PDA液体培养基摇床培养3 d获得的发酵液对多种测试菌进行抗菌活性研究。结果显示:(1)分离自杜仲茎部的内生真菌菌株DZ05经形态学特征和ITS序列分析,被鉴定为淡紫色拟青霉。(2)其发酵液的乙酸乙酯提取物对6种测试细菌和9种测试植物病原菌均具有明显的抑菌活性,抑菌圈直径在13～45 mm之间,其中对番茄灰霉病菌、番茄叶霉病菌和苹果炭疽病菌抑菌圈直径＞40 mm。研究表明,杜仲内生真菌DZ05的代谢产物具有广谱的抗菌活性,在植物病原菌的生物防治领域具有较大的应用前景。     

光黑壳属植物内生菌的一个新纪录种

从采自河南境内伏牛山的野生碎米桠（Isodon rubescens （Lamiaceae））中分离到1株内生真菌,经鉴定为光黑壳属的中国新纪录种－Preussia dakotensis,,根据研究菌株对其进行了详细的形态描述、分子鉴定及分析讨论。     

典型生境巨菌草根内生固氮菌的群落多样性

【目的】探究不同生境巨菌草内生固氮菌群落组成多样性及其分异规律。【方法】采用高通量测序固氮酶nif H标靶基因方法,研究了我国6个典型地区的巨菌草内生固氮菌群,包括福建闽侯县、新疆墨玉县、内蒙古阿拉善左旗、青海贵德县、甘肃安定区、海南那大镇,结合地理气候因子统计,分析了固氮菌多样性的环境驱动机制。【结果】共获得64122条nif H基因的有效序列,640个OTUs,归属于6个门、10个纲、17个目、24个科、33个属和39个种。不同地区巨菌草中优势内生固氮菌群的种类和丰度存在较大的差异。在门水平上,福州闽侯县、甘肃安定区、新疆墨玉县、内蒙古阿拉善左旗和青海贵德县5个地区的优势菌门均为变形菌门,海南那大镇的优势菌门为变形菌门和蓝藻菌门;属水平上,不同地区巨菌草最优势内生固氮菌类群分别为:福州闽侯县(变形菌门中未定属,80.56%);新疆墨玉县(变形菌门中未定属,33.14%);内蒙古阿拉善左旗(变形菌门中未定属,76.23%);甘肃安定区(α-变形菌纲中的未定属,53.78%);海南那大镇(变形菌门中未定属,38.37%);青海贵德县(变形菌门中未定属,46.12%)。Alpha多样性和Beta多样性分析表明,不同地区巨菌草内生固氮菌群落的多样性存在较大的差异,海南那大镇样本中巨菌草各类内生固氮菌群的多样性及丰富度最高,福建闽侯县样本中巨菌草各类内生固氮菌群的多样性及丰富度最低。典范对应分析(CCA)结果表明,年均降雨量和年均气温是影响巨菌草内生固氮菌群变化的主要因素,其次是土壤有机质、土壤全氮和土壤p H。【结论】不同地区巨菌草内生固氮菌群落的组成及丰度存在着较大的差异,海南那大镇巨菌草内生固氮菌群的种类及相对丰度较高,本研究可为巨菌草内生固氮菌群的资源开发及其固氮微生物肥料的菌种选育和生产应用提供理论支持。     

Plant and soil effects on bacterial communities associated with Miscanthus × giganteus rhizosphere and rhizomes

Bacterial assemblages, especially diazotroph assemblages residing in the rhizomes and the rhizosphere soil of Miscanthus × giganteus, contribute to plant growth and nitrogen use efficiency. However, the composition of these microbial communities has not been adequately explored nor have the potential ecological drivers for these communities been sufficiently studied. This knowledge is needed for understanding and potentially improving M. × giganteus – microbe interactions, and further enhancing sustainability of M. × giganteus production. In this study, cultivated M. × giganteus from four sites in Illinois, Kentucky, Nebraska, and New Jersey were collected to examine the relative influences of soil conditions and plant compartments on assembly of the M. × giganteus‐associated microbiome. Automated ribosomal intergenic spacer (ARISA) and terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (T‐RFLP) targeting the nifH gene were applied to examine the total bacterial communities and diazotroph assemblages that reside in the rhizomes and the rhizosphere. Distinct microbial assemblages were detected in the endophytic and rhizosphere compartments. Site soil conditions had strong correlation with both total bacterial and diazotroph assemblages, but in different ways. Nitrogen treatments showed no significant effect on the composition of diazotroph assemblages in most sites. Endophytic compartments of different M. × giganteus plants tended to harbor similar microbial communities across all sites, whereas the rhizosphere soil of different plant tended to harbor diverse microbial assemblages that were distinct among sites. These observations offer insight into better understanding of the associative interactions between M. × giganteus and diazotrophs, and how this relationship is influenced by agronomic and edaphic factors.     

Effect of different root endophytic fungi on plant community structure in experimental microcosms

Understanding the effects of root‐associated microbes in explaining plant community patterns represents a challenge in community ecology. Although typically overlooked, several lines of evidence point out that nonmycorrhizal, root endophytic fungi in the Ascomycota may have the potential to drive changes in plant community ecology given their ubiquitous presence, wide host ranges, and plant species‐specific fitness effects. Thus, we experimentally manipulated the presence of root endophytic fungal species in microcosms and measured its effects on plant communities. Specifically, we tested whether (1) three different root endophyte species can modify plant community structure; (2) those changes can also modified the way plant respond to different soil types; and (3) the effects are modified when all the fungi are present. As a model system, we used plant and fungal species that naturally co‐occur in a temperate grassland. Further, the soil types used in our experiment reflected a strong gradient in soil texture that has been shown to drive changes in plant and fungal community structure in the field. Results showed that each plant species responded differently to infection, resulting in distinct patterns of plant community structure depending on the identity of the fungus present. Those effects depended on the soil type. For example, large positive effects due to presence of the fungi were able to compensate for less nutrients levels in one soil type. Further, host responses when all three fungi were present were different from the ones observed in single fungal inoculations, suggesting that endophyte–endophyte interactions may be important in structuring plant communities. Overall, these results indicate that plant responses to changes in the species identity of nonmycorrhizal fungal community species and their interactions can modify plant community structure.     

基于高通量测序分析盐角草根部内生细菌多样性及动态规律

【目的】探讨盐角草根部内生细菌群落多样性特征,揭示内生细菌群落结构在宿主关键发育期动态变化规律。【方法】通过罗氏454高通量测序获得内生细菌16S r RNA片段,然后进行生物信息分析。【结果】共获得20363条16S r RNA基因序列。各样品中可操作分类单元(operational taxonomic units,OTUs)在552–941之间。根部内生细菌群落主要包括4个门,其中Proteobacteri门占主导地位,其余依次是Firmicutes,Actinobacteria,Bacteroidetes。在Proteobacteria门中,Gammaproteobacteria是第一大纲,其后是Betaproteobacteria纲。宿主5个发育时期共同拥有7个细菌属,包括Azomonas,Serratia,Pantoea,Serpens,Pseudomonas,Halomonas,Kushneria。整体上看,Gammaproteobacteria纲在宿主5个发育时期呈现增长趋势。优势菌属在5个发育期存在差异,分别为Delftia,Kushneria,Serratia,Pantoea,Erwinia。所有文库总共含2108个特异OTUs,共同拥有5个相同OTUs。花期OTUs数量最多,结种期内生细菌多样性降低。在宿主的5个发育时期中,土壤p H、月均温和土壤盐含量这3个环境因子组成的集合对其内生细菌群落变化具有显著影响。【结论】盐角草内生细菌群落多样性丰富,宿主发育期决定了内生细菌群落结构。