不同产地美花石斛内生细菌分离及促生潜力比较

对采自广西、云南和广东的美花石斛(Dendrobium loddigesii Rolfe)野生植株根、茎和叶内的内生细菌进行分离并测定其促生特性,采用扩增核糖体DNA限制性酶切分析(ARDRA)与UPGMA聚类分析相结合的方法对内生细菌菌株进行分类并确定优势属;在此基础上,对具有解磷、解钾和产生长素能力的菌株进行促生潜力评价。结果显示:从不同产地美花石斛植株不同部位共分离得到67株内生细菌菌株,其分布呈现出组织与地区的特异性;其中,来源于广西的植株中菌株数量最多(42株),分离自茎的菌株数量最多(34株)。67株内生细菌菌株可分为31个ARDRA簇,经16S rDNA序列比对鉴定为12个属,包括假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas)、微杆菌属(Microbacterium)、肠杆菌属(Enterobacter)、芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus)、鞘氨醇单胞菌属(Sphingomonas)、葡萄球菌属(Staphylococcus)、嗜冷杆菌属(Psychrobacter)、短波单胞菌属(Brevundimonas)、涅斯捷连科氏菌属(Nesterenkonia)、副球菌属(Paracoccus)、泛菌属(Pantoea)和沙雷氏菌属(Serratia),其中芽孢杆菌属、微杆菌属和肠杆菌属为优势属;来源于广西的植株中内生细菌的丰度与多样性均高于其他两地。在67株内生细菌菌株中,有30株菌株具有解无机磷和解有机磷的双重能力、22株具有解钾能力、24株具有产生长素能力,其中仅8株菌株兼具3种促生能力。组培实验结果显示:在培养基中接种1×106CFU·mL-1芽孢杆菌DLB20菌株,对株高2~3 cm和3~4 cm的美花石斛试管苗生长有促进作用,且更有利于株高3~4 cm试管苗的生根,表明具有解磷、解钾和产生长素能力的菌株对美花石斛试管苗有一定的促生潜力。     

地锦草内生细菌多样性、拮抗及促生特性测定

【背景】植物内生细菌既能抑制病原菌对植物的侵染,也具有促生作用。分离具有拮抗和促生活性的内生细菌可为开发微生物菌肥提供理论依据。【目的】筛选内生细菌中的优势拮抗、促生菌种资源。【方法】以地锦草为材料,采用4种分离培养基分离该植物内生细菌,通过形态特征以及16S r RNA基因序列分析,鉴定内生细菌的分类归属。采用平板对峙法,测定内生细菌对棉花立枯丝核菌(Rhizoctonia solani)、小麦赤霉病菌(Fusarium graminearum)、玉米小斑病菌(Bipolaris maydis)的拮抗活性。通过固氮、解磷、产吲哚乙酸(Indole Acetic Acid,IAA)、产铁载体能力等指标初步检测地锦草内生细菌的促生活性。【结果】共分离到133株内生细菌,分属于4门5纲8目13科25属,其中变形菌门(Proteobacteria)为优势门(52.63%),优势属为芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus),占15.79%。发现有8株菌相似性小于98.65%,可能为潜在新物种。拮抗活性结果表明,22株菌有不同程度的抑菌作用,其中菌株DHL56、DHN17、DHP3、DHP8对这3种病原菌都有抑制作用,均为芽孢杆菌属。菌株DHP8抑制作用最强,对棉花立枯丝核菌、小麦赤霉病菌抑制率分别为73.80%、71.25%,对玉米小斑病菌抑制率为61.70%。促生潜力结果表明,76株菌具有固氮能力;19株菌具有解磷能力;37株菌能产吲哚乙酸,菌株DHL55产吲哚乙酸的量达到105.67mg/L;7株菌能合成铁载体。其中有9株菌同时有固氮、解磷、产吲哚乙酸能力;菌株DHP8具有固氮、解磷、合成铁载体能力。DHP8不仅具有一定促生潜力,还对棉花立枯丝核菌、小麦赤霉病菌、玉米小斑病菌有明显的拮抗作用,需进一步研究。【结论】地锦草内生细菌种类丰富,获得多株具有优良拮抗和促生活性的菌株,为进一步开发微生物农药及菌肥资源提供新的菌株材料。     

内生菌复合接种对茅苍术生长和倍半萜积累的影响

组织培养和人工栽培是拯救濒危野生茅苍术、获取药材或其活性成分的主要途径。为了解决人工培育茅苍术活性成分倍半萜不足的问题,本课题组在前期研究中采取内生菌接种的方式模拟道地产区原生境,发现单一接菌在一定程度上能促进倍半萜积累,但效果有限,主要表现为不同内生菌对不同倍半萜合成的促进作用不一。为了更好模拟茅苍术的原生微生态环境,本研究采用1株优势内生细菌Pseudomonas fluorescens ALEB7B与几株效果较好的内生真菌以不同组合方式接种,以期优化出对倍半萜含量具有促进效果的复合菌。结果如下:(1)内生细菌ALEB7B和内生真菌Cunninghamella sp. AL4、Gilmaniella sp.AL12、Acremonium strictum AL16的组合效果最优;(2)复合菌对组培、田间时期的植物生长和倍半萜含量促进效果均明显,其中在田间越冬后的第二年孕蕾期,总倍半萜含量增加了136%;(3)从内源激素水杨酸、生长素的变化和倍半萜合成关键基因HMGR、DXS的表达方面,分析了复合菌如何从组培到田间的整个生长周期内影响茅苍术倍半萜产生。     

高寒草地珠芽蓼内生拮抗固氮菌Z19的鉴定及其固氮功能

【目的】从东祁连山高寒草地珠芽蓼内生细菌中筛选和鉴定具有固氮能力和拮抗能力的内生细菌。【方法】采用16S rRNA基因序列同源性分析和生理生化指标测定方法对该菌株进行鉴定。【结果】从珠芽蓼中分离获得的21株内生细菌中6株内生菌具有固氮能力,76.2%具有抑菌能力,其中5株内生细菌对5种以上的病原菌有抑制作用;菌株Z19具有较强固氮能力和分解纤维素的能力,其纤维素溶解圈直径与菌落直径比达3.33,产生的纤维素酶活性为0.31 U,且对辣椒立枯丝核病菌(Rhizoctonia solani)、油菜菌核病菌(Sclerotinia sclerotiorum)、番茄灰霉病菌(Botrytis cinerea)、小麦根腐病菌(Bipolaris sorokiniana)和番茄早疫病菌(Alternaria solani)具有较强拮抗能力;经PCR扩增和测序,获得了菌株Z19的固氮基因(nifH)序列和16S rRNA基因序列,在GenBank中的登录号分别为EU693340和EU236746;菌株Z19呈革兰氏阳性,杆状,产芽孢。【结论】结合生理生化特征及16S rRNA基因序列同源性比较,鉴定其为枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis)。     

不同草原类型针茅根部可培养内生细菌群落结构及其功能

为了研究我国北方草原针茅根部内生细菌的群落结构多样性与功能,从新疆、甘肃、内蒙3省区6个草原样地(亚高山草甸、高山草甸、戈壁、荒漠草原、典型草原和草甸草原)采集针茅根样品。通过严格的表面消毒和平板分离,共获得针茅根部内生细菌200株,分布在4门7纲28属。其中,芽孢杆菌属细菌为针茅根部绝对优势属,约占总菌株数的1/2。在戈壁采集的样品中以假单胞菌属为优势属,其余5个样地样品中均以芽孢杆菌属为优势属。亚高山草甸的Shannon多样性指数最高,典型草原和草甸草原覆盖的属最多,丰富度指数和均匀度指数均较高,而高山草甸覆盖的属最少,Shannon多样性指数、丰富度指数及均匀度指数均最低。各样地间内生细菌种群相似性系数在0.25~0.61,其中高山草甸与其他草原类型的相似性系数均很低,为0.25~0.33,其次是戈壁和荒漠草原的相似系数。另外,在200株内生细菌中,73株具有产生IAA的能力,35株有溶磷活性,23株有拮抗病原真菌的能力,20株有固氮活性,6株具有解钾活性。从样地分布来看,各样地产IAA的菌株也最多,尤其是高山草甸、亚高山草甸和荒漠草原。溶磷菌株在高山草甸所占比例较大,拮抗菌株在亚高山草甸所占比例较大,而固氮菌在荒漠草原所占比例较大,解钾菌株在各样地所占比例均较小。各功能菌株分布在25个属中,多样性较高,其中芽孢杆菌属和假单胞菌属具有多种功能菌株,在各样地所占比例也较高,可能是针茅根部重要的内生细菌。本研究还获得了14株生物学功能较强的菌株,具有潜在的应用价值。     

攀枝花地区烤烟可培养内生固氮菌的多样性

【目的】认识烤烟(Flue-cured tobaccos)内生固氮菌多样性,挖掘内生固氮菌资源,丰富内生固氮菌基因库。【方法】运用纯培养法、重复因子扩增(BOX-PCR)分析技术、16S r RNA基因测序和系统发育分析对内生固氮菌多样性和系统发育进行研究,并测定分离菌株的固氮酶活性、溶磷溶钾特性、吲哚乙酸(IAA)含量等指标。【结果】通过Ashby培养基共分离得到62株固氮菌。基于BOX-PCR图谱选取16株代表菌株进行16S r RNA基因序列测定。16S r RNA基因序列系统发育分析显示,62株菌株分属于芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus)、泛菌属(Pantoea)、短小杆菌属(Curtobacterium)等3个属,其中芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus)为优势菌属。62株菌株中有20株菌株(占总分离菌株的32.3%)具有固氮酶活性,8株菌株(占总分离菌株的12.9%)能产IAA,有4株(占总分离菌株的6.5%)表现溶磷活性,有3株(占总分离菌株的4.8%)表现溶钾活性。【结论】攀枝花烤烟有较为丰富的内生固氮菌,具有潜在应用价值。     

古尔班通古特沙漠苔藓结皮土壤中促生菌的分离筛选及促生特性研究

从古尔班通古特沙漠南缘苔藓结皮土壤中分离筛选植物促生菌并阐明其促生特性，对于发掘和应用功能性微生物制剂，促进植被恢复和提升荒漠固沙能力等具有积极意义。采用富集方法从苔藓生物结皮下0～20 cm土壤中分离可培养微生物。利用选择性培养基筛选具溶磷、产铁载体、分泌吲哚乙酸（IAA）特性的菌株。采用钼锑抗比色法、CAS检测法、Salkowski比色法分别测定菌株溶磷量、产生铁载体的浓度、分泌IAA的含量，并对性能优良的菌株进行分类鉴定。共筛选出促生菌31株，其中溶磷菌31株，产铁载体菌13株，分泌IAA菌28株。菌株LB5WH溶解无机磷能力最强，溶磷量为302.24 mg/L；菌株LB15产铁载体能力最强，产生铁载体的浓度 Su值（铁载体活性单位）为85.7%；菌株GA20分泌IAA活性最强，分泌量为15.46 mg/L。菌株LB5WH、LB15同时具有溶磷、产铁载体和分泌IAA活性，菌株GA20具有溶解有机磷、分泌IAA活性。菌株溶解无机磷能力要强于溶解有机磷能力，溶解无机磷菌株的溶磷量与培养液pH值之间呈显著负相关。经鉴定，菌株LB5WH属于芽胞杆菌属（Bacillus），菌株GA20属于寡养单胞菌属（Stenotrophomonas），菌株LB15属于赖氨酸芽胞杆菌属（Lysinibacillus）。这三株细菌的促生功能较多，具有进一步开发为微生物肥料的潜能。本研究为丰富荒漠区促生菌资源，进一步深入研究苔藓结皮下土壤-微生物-植物互作的生态调控机制及荒漠植物促生菌的促生机理提供菌种资源。     

柑橘黄龙病隐症寄主九里香内生细菌分离及功能鉴定

【目的】分析黄龙病高发区的九里香植株叶及茎干中内生细菌,为寻找具有抗柑橘黄龙病的内生细菌奠定基础。【方法】利用平板培养法及基于16S rDNA的限制性酶切长度多态性(Restriction fragment length polymorphism,RFLP)序列分子鉴定法,对九里香植物内生细菌进行多样性分析。【结果】在兼性厌氧的生长环境下,从九里香植株中分离获得可培养内生细菌26株,分属于9个细菌属的14个种,其中肠杆菌属(Enterobacter sp.)(IF=19.23%)、芽胞杆菌属(Bacillus sp.)(IF=38.46%)为九里香可培养内生细菌的优势菌属。茎干中内生细菌丰度高于叶中内生菌丰度。建立了九里香内生细菌16S rDNA文库,对文库质量检测显示,该克隆文库的覆盖度(Coverage C)为94.97%,结合Rarefaction曲线分析,表明所构建的克隆文库是相对充分的。对文库中179个阳性克隆进行HaeШ、MspⅠ、RsaⅠ3种限制性内切酶分析,得到20个不同的操作分类单元(Operational taxonomic units,OTUs),其中沙雷氏菌属(Serratia sp.)为九里香植株中内生细菌的绝对优势菌属。测定了14株内生细菌的功能,其中9株菌能产生吲哚-3-乙酸(IAA);具有抗生素(phlD)合成能力的内生细菌有4株;结合nifH和NFb固氮培养基确定有3株内生细菌具有固氮能力;1株内生细菌具有ACC脱氨酶合成能力;8株内生细菌具有铁细胞合成能力;3株内生细菌具有淀粉水解能力;2株内生细菌显示强阳性的蛋白酶合成能力,4株内生细菌具有以上4种功能。【结论】九里香植株中内生细菌具有丰富的多样性,并且可能对九里香植株生长发育及抗生物和非生物胁迫有着重要的生理功能。     

岑溪药用野生稻高效内生固氮菌分离及促生特性

【目的】以广西岑溪市野生稻保护区的药用野生稻为材料,分离纯化内生细菌,筛选固氮酶活性较高和对作物促生效果较好的菌株。【方法】利用乙炔还原法检测固氮酶活性,采用SDS-PAGE全细胞蛋白电泳和IS-PCR指纹图谱技术对分离到的固氮菌进行聚类。利用16S rRNA基因和nifH基因确定其系统发育地位。采用钼锑抗比色法、Salkowski比色法和CAS检测法分别测定菌株溶磷性、生长素的分泌能力和产铁载体能力。通过平板和盆栽试验检测其对水稻的促生作用。【结果】共分离得到35株内生固氮菌,分为6个类群。其中CX24固氮酶活性最高,经鉴定属于Klebsiella variicola,其固氮酶活性为298.64 μmol/(L·h),为参比模式菌株DSM15968的9倍。另外该菌株还具有较高的溶磷性、分泌生长素和产铁载体能力,能够有效地促进水稻的萌发和生长。【结论】菌株CX24属于Klebsiella variicola,是一株高效内生固氮菌,具有很好的生产应用前景。     

中华补血草内生与根际具ACC脱氨酶活性细菌的筛选及其生物多样性

【目的】获得江苏沿海滩涂盐生药用植物中华补血草内生及根际具有1-氨基环丙烷-1-羧酸(ACC)脱氨酶活性的细菌,研究其遗传多样性和潜在促生活性。【方法】从中华补血草和根际土壤分离筛选具有ACC脱氨酶活性的菌株,对其ACC脱氨酶活性定量检测,通过16S r RNA基因序列分析确定菌株系统发育地位。同时研究其固氮、溶磷、产植物生长素吲哚乙酸(IAA)及耐盐能力。【结果】分离筛选获得18株具有ACC脱氨酶活性的内生与根际细菌,定量检测发现其中有13株菌的ACC脱氨酶含量在20 nmolα-KA/(mg Pr·h)以上,有11株菌可以固氮,7株菌能够解磷,9株菌产生IAA。菌株的Na Cl盐耐受范围多数在0–13%之间。16S r RNA基因测序表明,活性菌株分属于7个属,多样性丰富,节杆菌属(Arthrobacter)为优势类群。其中菌株KLBMP 5180为节杆菌属的潜在新种。【结论】江苏沿海滩涂盐生药用植物中华补血草共生环境中具有丰富多样的具ACC脱氨酶活性的菌株,并存在潜在新物种资源,具有进一步研究价值。     

Plant-Parasitic Nematodes of South Viet Nam

Between 1974 and 1978, 2,842 identifications of plant-parasitic nematodes were made from more than 1,700 soil and plant samples collected in eight provinces of South Viet Nam. Species in nine genera—Helicotylenchus, Criconemoides, Meloidogyne, Pratylenchus, Tylenchorhynchus, Hoplolaimus, Hirschmanniella, Xiphinema, and Rotylenchulus—comprised 96.1% of the identifications; the remaining 3.9% were species of 11 genera. Fourteen genera were associated with rice which was grown on about 2,500,000 ha in 1970. Of these, Ditylenchus, Hirschmanniella, and Meloidogyne were most important. Ditylenchus angustus caused severe damage to about 50,000 ha of flooded rice in the Mekong Delta in 1976. Hirschmanniella spp. were found in all samples examined from flooded rice fields. Meloidogyne spp. were common in rice seedbeds, upland rice, and rice not kept flooded continuously. Meloidogyne and Pratylenchus spp. were found in roots of 22 of the 32 crop plants sampled. Little or no attempt was made in South Viet Nam to control nematodes.     

Study of types of some species of "Filaria" (Nematoda) parasites of small mammals described by Von Linstow and Molin

Parasitic nematodes from the Berlin (ZMB) and Vienna (NMW) Museum collections referred to the genus Filaria Mueller, 1787 by von Linstow or Molin were studied. Three samples were in good condition and the specimens redescribed. Litomosa hepatica (von Linstow, 1897) n. comb., sample ZMB Vermes Entozoa 3368, from the megachiropteran Pteropus neohibernicus, Bismarck Archipelago, resembles L. maki Tibayrenc, Bain & Ramanchandran, 1979, from Pteropus vampyrus, in Malaysia, but the buccal capsule differs. Both species display particular morphological characters which differ from species of Litomosa parasitic in microchiropterans. The remaining material originates from Brazil. The spicule morphology of Litomosoides circularis (von Linstow, 1899) Chandler, 1931, sample ZMB Vermes Entozoa 1059 from Hesperomys spec. (= Holochilus brasiliensis), Porto Alegre, confirms that it belongs to the sigmodontis group; the microfilaria presents characters of the genus Litomosoides, e.g. body attenuated at both extremities and salient cephalic hook. Taxonomic discussions by others confirm that species of Litomosoides belonging to the sigmodontis group and described subsequently are distinct from L. circularis. Litomosoides serpicula (Molin, 1858) Guerrero, Martin, Gardner & Bain, 2002, is redescribed, sample NMW 6323 from the bat Phyllostoma spiculatum (= Sturnira lilium), Ypanema. It is very close to L. brasiliensis Almeida, 1936, type host Moytis sp., but distinguished by a single ring in the buccal capsule, rather than two, supporting previous conclusions that the taxon L. brasiliensis, as generally regarded, may represent a complex of species. Samples NMW 6322 and NMW 6324, from other bats and also identified by Molin (1858) as Filaria serpicula, contain unidentifiable fragments of Litomosoides incertae sedis. Filaria hyalina von Linstow, 1890, sample ZMB Vermes Entozoa Q 3905 from Sorer vulgaris (= Sorex araneus), is incertae sedis because it contains two unidentifiable posterior parts of male, which might be an acuarid, Stammerinema sp. Filaria vesperuginis von Linstow, 1885, sample ZMB Vermes Entozoa Q 3929, from the bat Vesperugo serotinus (= Eptesicus serotinus), contains encysted nematode larvae and is a nomen dubium.     

Microbial transformation of zaluzanin-D

Microbial transformation of zaluzanin-D using different fungi gave 11,13-dihydrozaluzanin-C, zaluzanin-C, 4,16,11,13 - tetrahydro zaluzanin-C, estafiatone, dihydroestafiatol and dihydroestafiatone.     

Multilocus phylogenetic analysis of the genus Aeromonas

A broad multilocus phylogenetic analysis (MLPA) of the representative diversity of a genus offers the opportunity to incorporate concatenated inter-species phylogenies into bacterial systematics. Recent analyses based on single housekeeping genes have provided coherent phylogenies of Aeromonas. However, to date, a multi-gene phylogenetic analysis has never been tackled. In the present study, the intra- and inter-species phylogenetic relationships of 115 strains representing all Aeromonas species described to date were investigated by MLPA. The study included the independent analysis of seven single gene fragments (gyrB, rpoD, recA, dnaJ, gyrA, dnaX, and atpD), and the tree resulting from the concatenated 4705 bp sequence. The phylogenies obtained were consistent with each other, and clustering agreed with the Aeromonas taxonomy recognized to date. The highest clustering robustness was found for the concatenated tree (i.e. all Aeromonas species split into 100% bootstrap clusters). Both possible chronometric distortions and poor resolution encountered when using single-gene analysis were buffered in the concatenated MLPA tree. However, reliable phylogenetic species delineation required an MLPA including several “bona fide” strains representing all described species.     

Fate map of the distal portion of Drosophila proboscis as inferred from the expression and mutations of basic patterning genes

The late-third-instar labial disc is comprised of two disc-proper cell layers, one representing mainly the ventral half of the anterior compartment (L-layer) and the other, the dorsal half of the anterior compartment and most, if not all, of the posterior compartment (M-layer). In the L-layer, Distal-less represses homothorax whereas no Distal-less-dependent homothorax repression occurs in the M-layer where Distal-less is coexpressed with homothorax. In wild-type labial discs, clawless, one of the two homeobox genes expressed in distal cells receiving maximum (Decapentaplegic+Wingless) signaling activity in leg and antennal discs, is specifically repressed by proboscipedia. A fate map, inferred from data on basic patterning gene expression in larval and pupal stages and mutant phenotypes, indicates the inner surface of the labial palpus, which includes the pseudotracheal region, to be a derivative of the distal portion of the M-layer expressing wingless, patched, Distal-less and homothorax. The outer surface of the labial palpus with more than 30 taste bristles derives from an L-layer area consisting of dorsal portions of the anterior and posterior compartments, each expressing Distal-less. Our analysis also indicates that, in adults and pupae, the anterior-posterior boundary, dividing roughly equally the outer surface of the distiproboscis, runs along the outer circumference of the inner surface of distiproboscis.     

Molecular phylogeny of Phoma and allied anamorph genera: Towards a reclassification of the Phoma complex

The present generic concept of Phoma is broadly defined, with nine sections being recognised based on morphological characters. Teleomorph states of Phoma have been described in the genera Didymella, Leptosphaeria, Pleospora and Mycosphaerella, indicating that Phoma anamorphs represent a polyphyletic group. In an attempt to delineate generic boundaries, representative strains of the various Phoma sections and allied coelomycetous genera were included for study. Sequence data of the 18S nrDNA (SSU) and the 28S nrDNA (LSU) regions of 18 Phoma strains included were compared with those of representative strains of 39 allied anamorph genera, including Ascochyta, Coniothyrium, Deuterophoma, Microsphaeropsis, Pleurophoma, Pyrenochaeta, and 11 teleomorph genera. The type species of the Phoma sections Phoma, Phyllostictoides, Sclerophomella, Macrospora and Peyronellaea grouped in a subclade in the Pleosporales with the type species of Ascochyta and Microsphaeropsis. The new family Didymellaceae is proposed to accommodate these Phoma sections and related anamorph genera. The present study demonstrated that Phoma radicina, the type species of Phoma sect. Paraphoma and Phoma heteromorphospora, the type species of Phoma sect. Heterospora can be assigned to the Phaeosphaeriaceae and Leptosphaeriaceae respectively.     

Spatial and temporal regulation of the homeotic selector gene Antennapedia is required for the establishment of leg identity in Drosophila

Antennapedia is one of the homeotic selector genes required for specification of segment identity in Drosophila. Dominant mutations that ectopically express Antennapedia cause transformation of antenna to leg. Loss-of-function mutations cause partial transformation of leg to antenna. Here we examine the role of Antennapedia in the establishment of leg identity in light of recent advances in our understanding of antennal development. In Antennapedia mutant clones in the leg disc, Homothorax and Distal-less are coexpressed and act via spineless to transform proximal femur to antenna. Antennapedia is negatively regulated during leg development by Distal-less, spineless, and dachshund and this reduced Antennapedia expression is needed for the proper development of distal leg elements. These findings suggest that the temporal and spatial regulation of the homeotic selector gene Antennapedia in the leg disc is necessary for normal leg development in Drosophila.