农业景观格局与麦蚜密度对其初寄生蜂与重寄生蜂种群及寄生率的影响

农业景观格局与过程能够强烈影响寄生蜂对寄主的寻找及寄生作用,寄主密度亦是影响寄生蜂分布的重要因素,然而农业景观的格局和寄主密度对寄生蜂寄生率的相互影响是一项值得研究的工作.在简单与复杂2种麦田农业景观结构下,调查了麦蚜的分布格局与2种寄主密度下麦蚜的初寄生率与重寄生率,分析了景观结构对麦蚜密度的影响、景观格局与麦蚜密度对寄生蜂寄生率与重寄生率的影响及交互作用.结果表明:景观结构的复杂性对麦蚜分布和寄生蜂初寄生率与重寄生率的影响均不明显,但寄主密度与景观结构的复杂性对寄生蜂的影响存在着明显的交互作用,寄主密度与寄生率呈正相关,寄主密度较低时烟蚜茧蜂为优势种,寄主密度较高时燕麦蚜茧蜂为优势种.麦蚜初寄生蜂与重寄生蜂对寄主密度的反应与其形态学、体型大小以及生活史特征相关,初寄生蜂与重寄生蜂的群落组成显著影响其对麦蚜的寄生率,而与景观结构的复杂性关系不大.     

三种麦蚜在温度梯度中活动行为的临界高温

利用自制的温度梯度产生装置,研究了禾谷缢管蚜Rhopalosiphum padi、麦长管蚜Sitobion avenae和麦二叉蚜Schizaphis graminum在寄主植物叶片温度梯度上栖息、爬行和取食时的躲避临界高温。温度梯度内,麦蚜在小于等于温度T的温度区域内的累积栖息分布量占温度梯度场内蚜虫栖息总量的百分比Pa=90%时,则把T记为栖息躲避临界高温。将蚜虫在温度梯度内从低温端向高温端爬行的过程中,受到热刺激后调转运动方向时的温度定义为蚜虫爬行时的躲避临界高温。将蚜虫在温度逐渐升高的叶片上取食时拔出口针开始挣扎逃跑时的温度定义为蚜虫取食时的躲避临界高温。为研究麦蚜栖息和爬行时的躲避临界高温,在盛有水的搪瓷托盘一端下方置一盏白炽灯加热水温,在漂浮于水面的小麦叶片上产生了叶片温度梯度,用照相机记录蚜虫在温度梯度内栖息时的分布状态。为研究麦蚜取食时的躲避临界高温,在盛有水的塑料培养皿的下方设置一盏白炽灯用于加热水温,在漂浮于水面的小麦叶片上产生逐渐升高的温度。两个装置的温度设置均可通过调节白炽灯泡顶端与托盘或培养皿底部的距离来控制,用红外测温仪测量叶片上的温度。试验明确了3种麦蚜的栖息躲避临界高温,在26-43℃的叶片温度梯度内,禾谷缢管蚜、麦长管蚜和麦二叉蚜成蚜累积栖息分布达90%的临界高温分别为30.2、28.8℃和27.3℃,用Sigmoidal函数模型描述了麦蚜在温度梯度内的累积分布百分率与温度之间的关系。测定了3种麦蚜爬行和取食时的躲避临界高温,禾谷缢管蚜、麦长管蚜和麦二叉蚜爬行时的躲避临界高温分别为42.0、39.1℃和38.5℃;取食时的躲避临界高温分别为39.3、40.2℃和39.0℃。试验表明,3种蚜虫中禾谷缢管蚜较耐高温。讨论了温度梯度本身的设置、湿度控制、供试蚜虫种群的不同对麦蚜在温度梯度内行为可能造成的影响,并指出在温度梯度中,研究麦蚜若蚜蜕皮、成蚜生殖及有翅蚜和无翅蚜对适宜温度的选择将是今后继续开展的工作内容。本研究的结果为提高麦蚜田间调查取样及预测预报的准确度提供了依据,同时也为今后开展其它昆虫对环境高温的行为对策研究提供方法上的参考。     

Aphids (Hemiptera: Aphidoidea) on cultivated and self-sown plants in Greece

The present work covers original information on aphids (Hemiptera: Aphidoidea) from Greece during 1995–2005. The individual aphid taxa were collected from their host plants and identified. The plant taxa were classified in two major categories: cultivated and self-sown. The cultivated ones were classified as: herbaceous, climbing and trees. The selfsown ones were classified as: annual herbaceous, annual or biennial herbaceous, biennial or perennial herbaceous, perennial herbaceous, shrubby and trees Two hundred twelve plant taxa were identified on which 105 aphid taxa were recorded. We report 391 plant taxa-aphid taxa associations from which, 190 are referred to cultivated and 201 to self-shown plant taxa. Aphis gossypii was found to infest the widest spectrum of cultivated plant taxa whereas Brachycaudus helichrysi was found to infest the widest spectrum of self-sown plant taxa. Myzus persicae was found to infest the widest spectrum of the total number of plant taxa. Information for several economically unimportant aphid taxa in the area are also presented.     

三种蚜虫的线粒体基因组数据

完整的线粒体基因组已被广泛应用于分子进化、基因组学、系统发育等方面的研究。蚜虫是一类重要的农林业害虫, 但目前公开报道的蚜虫完整线粒体基因组非常有限, 因此获得更多的基因组数据对相关研究具有重要价值。本文报道了榕毛管蚜(Greenidea ficicola)、橘二叉蚜(Aphis aurantia)和油杉纩蚜(Mindarus keteleerifoliae) 3种蚜虫的完整线粒体基因组的序列、详细注释信息、基因结构图、密码子使用情况等。该数据集可为昆虫系统发育关系、种群分化格局、害虫防治等方面的工作提供帮助。     

小麦蚜虫田间调查及监测技术

小麦蚜虫是世界范围内小麦生产中一类重要害虫。针对麦蚜世代历期短、繁殖力强,具有趋光、趋化及迁飞等生物学及行为习性;在田间多呈聚集分布,且麦蚜易受寄主植物抗性、天敌、气象因素及农田生态条件等生物与非生物因素影响等发生为害特点,本文阐述了我国小麦蚜虫田间调查、监测技术及防治策略,以期为我国小麦蚜虫综合防控提供基础科学支撑。     

The evolutionary ecology of symbiont-conferred resistance to parasitoids in aphids

Abstract Aphids may harbor a wide variety of facultative bacterial endosymbionts. These symbionts are transmitted maternally with high fidelity and they show horizontal trans-mission as well, albeit at rates too low to enable infectious spread. Such symbionts need to provide a net fitness benefit to their hosts to persist and spread. Several symbionts haveachieved this by evolving the ability to protect their hosts against parasitoids. Reviewing empirical work and some models, I explore the evolutionary ecology of symbiont-conferredresistance to parasitoids in order to understand how defensive symbiont frequencies are maintained at the intermediate levels observed in aphid populations. I further show thatdefensive symbionts alter the reciprocal selection between aphids and parasitoids by augmenting the heritable variation for resistance, by increasing the genetic specificity of thehost-parasitoid interaction, and by inducing environment-dependent trade-offs. These effects are conducive to very dynamic, symbiont-mediated coevolution that is driven by frequency-dependent selection. Finally I argue that defensive symbionts represent a problem for biological control of pest aphids, and I propose to mitigate this problem byexploiting the parasitoids＇ demonstrated ability to rapidly evolve counteradaptations to symbiont-conferred resistance.     

Is there an associational resistance of winter pea–durum wheat intercrops towards Acyrthosiphon pisum Harris?

Acyrthosiphon pisum Harris (Aphididae: Hemiptera), the pea aphid, is an important pest in organic farming systems. In this work, the objective was to gather empirical field data on the associational resistance of durum wheat–winter pea intercrops towards the pea aphid, compared with pure stands of winter pea. Our results showed that intercropping winter pea with durum wheat significantly decreased A. pisum abundance in all the situations. Moreover, it was systematically observed that pea grew bigger in pure than in intercropped stands but after considering pea dry mass as a covariate, it appeared that the durum wheat–winter pea intercrop was still significantly less attacked by pea aphids than the sole crop. Intercrop sowing designs had an incidence on infestation levels: substitutive diversification systems of different types are more effective in decreasing the level of aphid infestation than does the additive system. In addition, substitutive row intercrop is significantly less infested than substitutive mixture. These results suggest that a mechanism related to the resource concentration hypothesis may explain the associational resistance of the IC of durum wheat–winter pea towards A. pisum.     

植物挥发性物质在蚜虫寄主定位中的作用

本文综述了植物挥发性物质的化学性质、研究方法及其在蚜虫寄主定位中的作用     

小麦不同品种上麦蚜及其天敌的数量变动

试验结果表明小麦品种 (系 )的抗性对麦蚜种群数量影响很大 ,百株蚜量随着小麦品种抗性增强而下降。而同一小麦品种对不同种蚜虫的抗性存在质的差异 ,铭贤 1 69品种 ,蚜高峰期百株蚜量麦长管蚜 63 0头 ,禾谷缢管蚜只有 1 1 5头 ,两者相差 5 5倍。另一方面 ,小麦品种抗性对麦田天敌的种群数量影响不大 ,而对天敌的发生期有些影响。因此 ,小麦品种抗性、天敌对麦蚜的自然控制能力 ,可把小麦中后期的蚜虫虫口密度控制在经济损失允许水平之下。