Evaluation of possible decay and termite resistance of particleboard containing waste tire rubber

Particleboard specimens produced by adding waste tire rubber particles were assayed against white- and brown-rot fungi and termites in laboratory conditions. Particleboards were manufactured from a mixture of pine and poplar particles bonded with two different resins (melamine/urea formaldehyde [MUF] and polyisocyanate [PI]) by adding waste tire rubber particles at three different levels (10%/90%, 20%/80%, and 30%/70% by weight of waste tire rubber/wood). The particleboard specimens with waste tire rubber were not generally resistant against four fungi tested. Only MUF-containing specimens showed considerably better performance in decay resistance tests using the brown-rot fungus, Postia placenta; however, addition of waste tire rubber into those specimens did not provide resistance in comparison with control specimens without tire rubber. Formosan termites were also able to degrade particleboard specimens with waste tire rubber.     

云南西双版纳地区森林转型特征?

森林转型是指森林覆盖率由净减少到净增加的过程。中国森林早在20世纪80年代就进入了转型期,然而,中国热带地区的总森林覆盖率虽呈增长趋势,但依旧存在着天然林大量被毁的现象。鉴于天然林对森林生态系统功能的重要作用,本研究通过加入森林类型分类的内容,以西双版纳为例探讨其森林转型的真实特征。结果表明：森林转型理论单纯以“总森林”覆盖率为研究对象,忽视了其他森林类型的动态变化,甚至掩盖了“天然林”的真实动态变化。西双版纳的森林转型主要是人工种植林的扩张所致,只是树木数量统计上的转型。事实上,自1988年以来,西双版纳的天然林一直在锐减。所以建议未来关于森林转型的研究应将“森林”区分成不同的森林类型加以研究。     

巴西橡胶树HbSIP2互作蛋白的筛选和鉴定

可溶性无机焦磷酸酶在天然橡胶生物合成中具有重要的调控作用,HbSIP2是胶乳中关键的可溶性无机焦磷酸酶基因。为了深入了解HbSIP2调控橡胶生物合成的机理,本研究对HbSIP2互作蛋白进行了筛选和鉴定。结果表明:诱饵载体p GBKT7-Hb SIP2无自激活活性,且对酵母无毒性作用,可以用于酵母文库筛选。将诱饵载体与橡胶树胶乳cDNA文库进行杂交,初步筛选获得20个与HbSIP2互作的蛋白。进一步通过双分子荧光互补实验证实,Hb SIP2能够与橡胶延伸因子发生蛋白互作。本研究结果为HbSIP2调控橡胶生物合成的机理研究提供了重要的理论依据。     

N2O, CH4 and CO2 emissions from seasonal tropical rainforests and a rubber plantation in Southwest China

The main focus of this study was to evaluate the effects of soil moisture and temperature on temporal variation of N₂O, CO₂ and CH₄ soil-atmosphere exchange at a primary seasonal tropical rainforest (PF) site in Southwest China and to compare these fluxes with fluxes from a secondary forest (SF) and a rubber plantation (RP) site. Agroforestry systems, such as rubber plantations, are increasingly replacing primary and secondary forest systems in tropical Southwest China and thus effect the N₂O emission in these regions on a landscape level. The mean N₂O emission at site PF was 6.0 ± 0.1 SE μg N m⁻² h⁻¹. Fluxes of N₂O increased from <5 μg N m⁻² h⁻¹ during dry season conditions to up to 24.5 μg N m⁻² h⁻¹ with re-wetting of the soil by the onset of first rainfall events. Comparable fluxes of N₂O were measured in the SF and RP sites, where mean N₂O emissions were 7.3 ± 0.7 SE μg N m⁻² h⁻¹ and 4.1 ± 0.5 SE μg N m⁻² h⁻¹, respectively. The dependency of N₂O fluxes on soil moisture levels was demonstrated in a watering experiment, however, artificial rainfall only influenced the timing of N₂O emission peaks, not the total amount of N₂O emitted. For all sites, significant positive correlations existed between N₂O emissions and both soil moisture and soil temperature. Mean CH₄ uptake rates were highest at the PF site (−29.5 ± 0.3 SE μg C m⁻² h⁻¹), slightly lower at the SF site (−25.6 ± 1.3 SE μg C m⁻² h⁻¹) and lowest for the RP site (−5.7 ± 0.5 SE μg C m⁻² h⁻¹). At all sites, CH₄ uptake rates were negatively correlated with soil moisture, which was also reflected in the lower uptake rates measured in the watering experiment. In contrast to N₂O emissions, CH₄ uptake did not significantly correlate with soil temperature at the SF and RP sites, and only weakly correlated at the PF site. Over the 2 month measurement period, CO₂ emissions at the PF site increased significantly from 50 mg C m⁻² h⁻¹ up to 100 mg C m⁻² h⁻¹ (mean value 68.8 ± 0.8 SE mg C m⁻² h⁻¹), whereas CO₂ emissions at the SF and RP site where quite stable and varied only slightly around mean values of 38.0 ± 1.8 SE mg C m⁻² h⁻¹ (SF) and 34.9 ± 1.1 SE mg C m⁻² h⁻¹ (RP). A dependency of soil CO₂ emissions on changes in soil water content could be demonstrated for all sites, thus, the watering experiment revealed significantly higher CO₂ emissions as compared to control chambers. Correlation of CO₂ emissions with soil temperature was significant at the PF site, but weak at the SF and not evident at the RP site. Even though we demonstrated that N and C trace gas fluxes significantly varied on subdaily and daily scales, weekly measurements would be sufficient if only the sink/ source strength of non-managed tropical forest sites needs to be identified.     

Measuring leaf area index in rubber plantations − a challenge

In order to estimate water use, water requirements and carbon sequestration of tropical plantation systems such as rubber it is adamant to have accurate information on leaf area development of the plantation as the main determinant of evapotranspiration. Literature commonly suggests a number of different methods on how to obtain leaf area index (LAI) information from tree plantation systems. Methods include destructive measurements of leaf area at peak LAI, indirect methods such as gap fraction methods (i.e. Hemiview and LAI 2000) and radiation interception methods (i.e. SunScan) or litter fall traps. Published values for peak LAI in rubber plantation differ widely and show no clear trend to be explained by management practices or the influence of local climate patterns. This study compares four methods for determining LAI of rubber plantations of different ages in Xishuangbanna, Yunnan, PR China. We have tested indirect measurement techniques such as light absorption and gap fraction measurements and hemispherical image analysis against litter fall data in order to obtain insights into the reliability of these measuring techniques for the use in tropical tree plantation systems. In addition, we have included data from destructive harvesting as a comparison. The results presented here clearly showed that there was no consistent agreement between the different measurements. Site, time of the day and incoming radiation all had a significant effect on the results depending on the devices used. This leaves us with the conclusion that the integration of published data on LAI in rubber into broad ranging assessments is very difficult to accomplish as the accuracy of the measurements seems to be very sensitive to a number of factors. This diminishes the usefulness of literature data in estimating evapotranspiration from rubber plantations and the induced environmental effects, both on local as well as regional levels.     

斜面法与橡皮塞法保藏丝状真菌的效果

对利用斜面法和橡皮塞法保藏某些丝状真菌的效果进行了试验,共保藏丝状真菌29属,69种,128株。保藏时间2-17a,通过斜面转接,其存活率达89.8％。存活的菌株仍维持其原有特性。试验结果表明:利用斜面法与橡皮塞法保藏某些丝状真菌是简便可行的。     

我国热带地区胶-茶-鸡农林复合系统能流分析

以海南省文昌市典型的胶茶鸡农林复合系统模式为研究对象,分析了我国热带地区单作胶园、胶茶间作园及养鸡胶园的能流路径、能量输入、输出结构及能流转化效率。结果表明,单作、间作及养鸡胶园的光能利用率逐渐提高,其能量产投比为1.50、1.88、0.20;有机能投入比为0.138、0.119、0.977,养鸡胶园最高;无机能投入比分别为0.862、0.881、0.023;养鸡胶园中人工辅助能投入比相对减少,其产出能最大.     

西双版纳季节雨林与橡胶多层林凋落物动态的比较研究

本语文对西双版纳季节雨林及橡胶多层林的凋落物量动态、各组分的季节变化规律、林地残留物现存量及其分解进行了研究,分析比较了两个种群落的凋落节律,结果显示,“双凋落峰”及“叶分解速率较枝分解更快”为两类群落的共有特征;森林凋落物量及凋落物分解速率则因群落类型而异,橡胶多层林年凋落物总量为９．８５±０．７８ｔ·ｈｍ＾－２·ａ＾－１,大于季节雨林的年凋落物总量８．４２±０．１６ｔ·ｈｍ＾－２·ａ＾－１。     

Influence of soil,plant and meteorological factors on water relations and yield inHevea brasiliensis

Influence of factors governing the soil-plantatmosphere system on components of water relations and yield was studied in two clones of rubber tree,Hevea brasiliensis, viz. RRII 105 and RRII 118. Clonal variations were evident in yield and yield components and associated physiological parameters in response to soil moisture status and meteorological factors. Observations made during different seasons indicatedvariations in yield are attributed to differences in plugging index and initial flow rates, to the major yield components and also variations in components of water relations as influenced by meteorological factors. Among the two clones, RRII 105 was found to be fairly drought tolerant compared to RRII 118. RRII 105 was found to respond well to dry weather through higher stomatal resistances, higher leaf water potentials, lowered transpirational water loss and lower relative transpiration ratios, while RRII 118 was susceptible to stress situations.     

18.4mm橡皮霰弹对动物致伤后生物学效应及X线表现

目的：近年来,防暴武器的发展迅速,防暴武器伤的救治已成为医学上的一个重要研究课题。在此背景下,制定了18.4 mm橡皮霰弹的生物学试验模型,即在常温状态下,研究18.4 mm橡皮霰弹对两种试验动物在不同距离、不同防护、不同部位条件下的胸、腹部损伤情况。通过损伤效应研究,判断防暴武器的安全性能及损伤特点,为客观的从生物学角度评价防暴武器性能及防暴武器伤的救治提供可靠的生物学依据,建立可靠的生物学模型,并进一步探讨损伤后X线检查的重要性和必要性。方法：利用两种动物、三个距离、三种防护、四个部位定点射击,从临床及X线表现等多方面进行比较、分析,并得出统计学结果。结果：两种生物、三种条件、三个距离、四个部位均出现了不同程度橡皮弹损伤,体内出现具有统计学规律的弹丸存留,部分出现贯通伤。结论：18.4 mm橡皮霰弹的损伤程度与距离增加呈负相关,三种距离条件下,5 m对生物的损伤最大。动物种类的不同,射击部位的不同,有着明显的损伤差异,主要与组织厚度和组织结构特点有关与组织厚度和组织结构特点有关。损伤的程度,与防护密切相关,三种防护条件下,棉服防护的损伤效应明显减轻。X线摄片检查可以直观显示弹丸在其体内存留的数量、位置及深度,以及造成的骨折损伤,可以为临床解剖提供比较可靠的依据,为防暴武器生物学试验提供较为直观的影像学依据。