小陇山国家级自然保护区次生林分类、排序及演替

在野外调查基础上,采用TWINSPAN和DCA对小陇山林区次生林群落进行了数量分类和排序,从植物群系组成、植物群落与环境的生态关系方面,研究小陇山植被群落的分布格局,用以确定该区次生林演替,并给予合理的环境解释。结果表明:采用TWINSPAN数量分类方法,将植被划分为12个群落类型;DCA排序图明显反映出排序轴的生态意义,第一轴基本上突出反映了湿度变化,沿第一轴从左到右,湿度逐渐增大;第二轴主要表现了温度梯度,沿第二轴从下到上,温度逐渐降低;次生林的演替序列为山杨林→山杨+白桦林→锐齿栎混交林及锐齿栎纯林,其自然恢复演替以锐齿栎林为顶极群落。     

Beyond Masses and Blooms: The Indicative Value of Oligochaetes

The European Water Framework Directive (WFD) defines a framework for assessing water bodies in Europe in the future. The conditions in the Directive impose a strong demand for “new” assessment systems. The AQEM project developed an assessment system for European streams using macroinvertebrates. Almost 900 samples were taken in about 400 streams covering 29 stream types distributed over eight countries. The role of the Oligochaeta within this European database was analysed. Almost half a million specimens of oligochaetes were collected in 772 samples. Eight families, 41 genera and 69 species were recorded, although identification emphasised the families Tubificidae and Naididae. Three countries identified oligochaetes to species level, most others restricted their identifications to easy identifiable taxa. Numbers of specimens, species, genera and families differed strongly between the countries due to method, although standardised, and taxonomic knowledge. About 50% of all collected oligochaete taxa had assigned biological and ecological indicator values for metric calculation in the AQEM assessment system. A further refinement of this indication list as well as increased coverage of oligochaete taxa was advised. Weighted averaging was used to evaluate the relation between oligochaete distribution and ecological quality class. It was concluded that when higher taxonomic levels are used in assessment, the quality evaluation results become biased. Furthermore, oligochaetes can tell us much more about the ecological status of streams than is commonly assumed. Differences in ecological optima among Limnodrilus udekemianus, Ilyodrilus templetoni, Aulodrilus pluriseta, Nais communis, and Spirosperma ferox are shown.     

秦岭金水河岸弃耕地草本植物种间关系

基于野外51个样方调查数据,运用2×2列联表的Fisher精确检验、Pearson相关系数和Spearman秩相关系数检验,并结合DCA排序,研究了秦岭金水河岸弃耕地40种草本植物的种间关系。结果表明,Spearman秩相关系数检验,有90个种对存在显著相关（p〈0．05或P〈0．01）,其中负相关9对,占所有种对数的1．15％,正相关81对,占所有种对数的10．38％;Pearson相关系数检验有55个种对呈显著正相关,2个种对呈显著负相关;Fisher精确检验表明28个种对呈显著正关联,5个种对呈显著负关联。根据DCA排序将40种草本植物划分为3个生态种组,代表着不同的演替阶段,反映了随着环境条件变化植物群落组成发生的相应变化。对资源和环境要求类似的种对倾向于表现出显著的正相关,负相关的种对多处于不同演替阶段。     

Ecological relationships between phytoplankton communities and different spatial scales in European reservoirs: implications at catchment level monitoring programmes

Phytoplankton communities are structured by factors acting over temporal and spatial scales. Identifying which factors are driving spatial patterns in aquatic communities is the central aim of ecology. In this study, data sets of phytoplankton communities and environmental data of two Portuguese reservoirs types (lowland “riverine reservoirs” and higher altitude “artificial lake reservoirs”) were used to determine the importance of environmental variables at different spatial (geographical, regional and local) and time scales (seasons, years) on the community structure. In all the data sets, the multivariate ordination technique Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA) showed that regional and local scales explained the majority (9–18% and 13–19%, respectively) of the taxa variance. However, for “riverine reservoirs”, time variables were more important, explaining 27% of the variability in phytoplankton assemblages. Variance partitioning was used to assess the individual importance of the three spatial scales and time for the community structure of the two reservoir types. The majority of among-site variability (5.9–21.4%) was accounted for by time variables, with local, regional, and geographical scale variables accounting for 3.3–5.6%, 3.7–4.5% and 2.6–2.9%, respectively. The effects of different spatial scales on phytoplankton communities were clearly interrelated; thus, implying that phytoplankton assemblages are capable of detecting stress from catchment to site scales. Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. Handling editor: J. Padisak     

Canopy Composition and Forest Structure Provide Restoration Targets for Low-Order Riparian Ecosystems

Many programs are in place to protect and restore low-order streams and riparian zones. However, information on riparian zone forests is sparse for many biogeographical regions, especially compositional and structural data that would provide useful targets for restoration. This study provides quantitative data on riparian zone composition and forest structure from three physiographic provinces of eastern United States. Data from 219 low-order (first- to fourth-order) forested reaches were arranged by three basal area (BA) categories meant to represent successional categories and variations in forest structure. Detrended correspondence analysis (DCA) was used to illustrate differences among successional categories and physiographic provinces. The DCA ordination separated stands into four physiographic subregions, based on the species composition of late-successional stands. Many early to mid-successional stands (<30 m²/ha) were similar in composition to late-successional reference stands (BA ≥ 30 m²/ha) in the same physiographic subregion. In such sites, natural successional processes would likely be sufficient to restore the compositional and structural attributes inherent in late-successional stands if provided long-term protection. Other sites with dissimilar compositions may have been recovering from more intensive types of alterations, such as mechanized land clearing. In such sites, restoration to historic compositions could benefit functionally by planting oaks ( Quercus spp. L.) and other heavy mast species.     

中国特有植物——华南五针松群落的种间关系

采用连续样带取样法,在分析广东南岭华南五针松群落结构的基础上,测定了优势种群的种间协变系数,并将典范对应分析（Canonical Correspondence Analysis,CCA）和聚类分析（Cluster Analysis）相结合,探讨了华南五针松与群落中其它种群的种间相互关系.结果表明：（1）广东南岭华南五针松群落以A级频度占绝对优势,华南五针松在主林层占据显著地位,但在演替层和更新层中的优势远不及其他优势种群;（2）Spearman秩相关分析和相关分析的计算结果基本一致,华南五针松群落优势种群正协变种对数显著多于负协变的种对数,且Spearman秩相关比相关分析具有更高的灵敏度.华南五针松与长叶木姜存在显著负协变,与其它优势种群种对间协变关系不明显;（3）海拔高度、坡度、坡位、坡形、腐殖质层厚度以及枯枝落叶层厚度与3个排序轴都有较强的相关性,环境因子在第一和第二排序轴的位置明显反映其生态特点.105 个乔木种类沿第一排序轴的分类完全与物种的性状特征相符.海拔高度是影响华南五针松分布的主导因素;（4）华南五针松群落种间关系揭示了群落内不同乔木种类因受小生境因子影响而体现在空间分布上的差异.典范对应分析和聚类分析结果共同揭示环境因子影响物种的分布,并通过生态习性表达出来.     

Wild coffee management and plant diversity in the montane rainforest of southwestern Ethiopia

Coffea arabica occurs naturally in the montane rainforests of Ethiopia, but large areas of these unique forests have been converted to other land-uses. In the remaining forest, wild coffee is managed and harvested with increasing intensity because of rising coffee prices in the world market. This study evaluated the impact of coffee management on wild coffee populations and the forest vegetation as a basis for conservation planning in southwestern Ethiopia. Vegetation surveys and yield assessments were carried out in unmanaged natural forest and in managed semi-forest coffee (SFC) systems. Analyses show that wild coffee density and coffee yields were low in natural forest (max. 15 kg ha⁻¹ year⁻¹). In SFC systems, 30% of the canopy trees and most undergrowth vegetation were removed. This stimulated wild coffee growth and strongly enhanced yields (max. 54 kg ha⁻¹ year⁻¹), but severely disturbed forest structure. Species richness increased by 26% because of an increase in species of ruderal and secondary vegetation; however, species richness and abundance of typical forest species declined. Conservation of the natural forest therefore requires the control of wild coffee management. Wild coffee certification is discussed as one tool to reconcile conservation measures and the interests of local farmers.     

东灵山华北落叶松人工林的分布格局及环境解释

应用TWINSPAN、CCA和物种多样性分析,从植物群落、植物种与环境的生态关系等方面研究了东灵山华北落叶松人工林的植被分布格局,并给予合理的环境解释。TWINSPAN分类将华北落叶松人工林分为4个类型,分类结果在CCA二维排序图上得到了较好的验证。样方与物种的CCA排序较好地揭示了该区华北落叶松人工林的分布格局与环境梯度的关系：坡位、坡度、土壤厚度和海拔是影响该区华北落叶松人工林的主导因子。结合物种多样性分析,结果表明东灵山绝大多数华北落叶松人工林生长良好,并根据华北落叶松喜凉湿习性,建议在该区自然分布海拔以下造林时,应优先选择阴坡和半阴坡的中、下位坡。