Development of megagametophyte, embryo, and seed in Senna corymbosa (Lam.) H.S. Irwin & Barneby (Leguminosae – Caesalpinioideae)

The main aspects of seed ontogeny in Senna corymbosa were studied by standard anatomical microtechniques for light microscope observations. The results revealed an ana-campylotropous, bitegmic, and crassinucelate mature ovule. A single archesporocyte developed by an archesporial cell enlargement from the subhypodermal multicellular archesporium. Meiosis originated linear or T-shaped megasporic tetrads. The functional megaspore was the chalazal one. Megagametophytic development conformed to the Polygonum type. Fertilization was porogamic. Endosperm development was free nuclear and conformed to a chalazal haustorium. Cellular endosperm was initiated from the micropylar end during the globular embryo stage. Embryogeny derived from a linear proembryonal tetrad. The mature embryo showed an oblique axis. The testa derived from the outer ovular integument. Nucellar and endosperm remnants, and the micropylar region of the inner ovular integument, persisted at embryo maturity. The absence of a pleurogram would be adaptative to wetland habitats. The taxonomic use of the mature embryo axis in the Cassieae and the phylogenetic employment of megasporic arrangements in Leguminosae needs some reinterpretation.  © 2007 The Linnean Society of London, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society , 2007, 153 , 169–179.     

广西靖西寒武纪三叶虫Tamdaspis jingxiensis sp.nov.的个体发育及畸形

描述采自广西靖西果乐剖面三都组一三叶虫新种Tamdaspis jingxiensis sp.nov.,根据该种三叶虫完整标本的背壳特征,认为Liushuicephalus Luo,1983是Tamdaspis Lisogor,1977的晚出异名。同时描述T.jingxiensis sp.nov.的个体发育过程和两块畸形标本,并认为该畸形是因被捕食者咬伤而形成的。     

山茶科濒危植物猪血木的花器官发生

利用扫描电镜首次观察了山茶科极濒危植物猪血木(Euryodendron excelsum)的花器官发生过程。猪血木的花为两性完全花,萼片和花瓣均为2/5螺旋向心发生,单轮排列,且有逆时针和顺时针两种方式。雄蕊的形成是先形成一个环形分生组织,然后在环形分生组织上以2/5螺旋产生5束雄蕊原基,每一束雄蕊原基的第一雄蕊原基都是在对萼的位置产生,其它的雄蕊原基在其两侧产生。3心皮顺序发生,愈合成3室单子房,柱头平截不裂。猪血木与山茶亚科的花器官发生明显不同。     

Floral ontogeny of the Afro-Madagascan genus Mitrasacmopsis with comments on the development of superior ovaries in Rubiaceae

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Members of Rubiaceae are generally characterized by an inferior ovary. However, Mitrasacmopsis is cited in the literature as having a semi-inferior to superior ovary. It has previously been hypothesized that the gynoecial development of Rubiaceae with semi-inferior to superior ovaries takes place in the same way as in Gaertnera, one of the most commonly cited rubiaceous genera with a superior ovary. To test this hypothesis, a floral ontogenetic study of Mitrasacmopsis was carried out with special attention paid to the gynoecial development. METHODS: Floral ontogeny and anatomy of Mitrasacmopsis were examined using scanning electron and light microscopy. KEY RESULTS: At an early developmental stage, a concavity becomes visible in the centre of the floral apex simultaneously with the perianth initiation. A ring primordium surrounding this concavity expands vertically forming the corolla tube (early sympetaly). Stamen primordia develop inside the corolla. From the bicarpellate gynoecium only two carpel tips are visible because the ovary is formed by a gynoecial hypanthium. In the basal part of each carpel, a placenta primordium is initiated. Two septa divide the ovary into two locules. In each locule, the placenta becomes mushroom shaped and distinctly stalked. Eventually, the inferior ovary of Mitrasacmopsis develops into a beaked capsule. Only very late in the fruiting stage, the continuously expanding ovary is raised above the insertion point of the persistent calyx, changing the ovary position of Mitrasacmopsis from basically inferior to secondarily semi-inferior. CONCLUSIONS: Mitrasacmopsis follows an epigynous pattern of floral development. However, the presence of a prominent beak in the fruiting stage gives the whole ovary a semi-inferior appearance. This kind of secondarily semi-inferior ovary is shown to be different from the secondarily superior ovary observed in Gaertnera.     

水分胁迫对重庆石灰岩地区不同龄级柏木(Cupressus funebris Endl.)幼苗气体交换的影响

通过盆栽水分胁迫试验,采用美国Li-COR公司生产的Li-6400便携式光合测定分析仪,对比研究了水分胁迫对重庆石灰岩地区不同龄级柏木幼苗气体交换的影响。结果表明:水分胁迫降低了两种年龄柏木幼苗的净光合速率、蒸腾速率和气孔导度,1年生幼苗的净光合速率下降的幅度大于5年生幼苗。1年生幼苗的胞间CO2浓度随着水分胁迫强度的增加而升高,而气孔限制值下降,5年生幼苗在重度干旱前,胞间CO2浓度随着水分胁迫强度的增加而降低,气孔限制值上升,但重度干旱后,趋势与1年生幼苗相同,由这些指标的变化趋势分析得出,1年生幼苗的净光合速率的下降是由非气孔限制因素引起的,而5年生幼苗在重度干旱前净光合速率的下降是由气孔限制因素引起,而在重度干旱后转为非气孔因素。1年生幼苗的水分利用效率随着水分胁迫的加剧而降低,5年生幼苗水分利用效率呈上升趋势,说明5年生幼苗更能适应干旱胁迫。干旱胁迫降低了一年生柏木幼苗的表观量子产额、羧化效率以及最大净光合速率即光合能力,但光补偿点、CO2补偿点、光呼吸和暗呼吸却随着水分胁迫的加剧而升高。对于5年生幼苗,干旱胁迫对其表观量子效率、光补偿点、光呼吸及光合能力的影响基本与一年生幼苗一致。但羧化效率、CO2补偿点呈先降后升的趋势,而暗呼吸却先升后降,说明适度的干旱(未遭受重度干旱之前)提高了柏木的CO2利用能力,但因呼吸消耗较多的光合产物还是导致了其光合能力的降低,但降低的程度较一年生幼苗小,表现为对干旱环境更好的适应能力。     

Synopsis of the CASIROZ case study: carbon sink strength of Fagus sylvatica L. in a changing environment--experimental risk assessment of mitigation by chronic ozone impact

Databases are needed for the ozone (O(3)) risk assessment on adult forest trees under stand conditions, as mostly juvenile trees have been studied in chamber experiments. A synopsis is presented here from an integrated case study which was conducted on adult FAGUS SYLVATICA trees at a Central-European forest site. Employed was a novel free-air canopy O(3) fumigation methodology which ensured a whole-plant assessment of O(3) sensitivity of the about 30 m tall and 60 years old trees, comparing responses to an experimental 2 x ambient O(3) regime (2 x O(3), max. 150 nl O(3) l (-1)) with those to the unchanged 1 x ambient O(3) regime (1 x O(3)=control) prevailing at the site. Additional experimentation on individual branches and juvenile beech trees exposed within the forest canopy allowed for evaluating the representativeness of young-tree and branch-bag approaches relative to the O(3) sensitivity of the adult trees. The 2 x O(3) regime did not substantially weaken the carbon sink strength of the adult beech trees, given the absence of a statistically significant decline in annual stem growth; a 3 % reduction across five years was demonstrated, however, through modelling upon parameterization with the elaborated database. 2 x O(3) did induce a number of statistically significant tree responses at the cell and leaf level, although the O(3) responsiveness varied between years. Shade leaves displayed an O(3) sensitivity similar to that of sun leaves, while indirect belowground O(3) effects, apparently mediated through hormonal relationships, were reflected by stimulated fine-root and ectomycorrhizal development. Juvenile trees were not reliable surrogates of adult ones in view of O(3) risk assessment. Branch sections enclosed in (climatized) cuvettes, however, turned out to represent the O(3) sensitivity of entire tree crowns. Drought-induced stomatal closure decoupled O(3) intake from O(3) exposure, as in addition, also the "physiologically effective O(3) dose" was subject to change. No evidence emerged for a need to lower the "Critical Level for Ozone" in risk assessment of forest trees, although sensitive tree parameters did not necessarily reflect a linear relationship to O(3) stress. Exposure-based concepts tended to overestimate O(3) risk under drought, which is in support of current efforts to establish flux-related concepts of O(3) intake in risk assessment.     

Bone structural data for the Denver longitudinal growth study

The Denver Longitudinal Growth Study is one of the most comprehensive longitudinal studies of growth carried out to date. Measurements of long bone lengths, cross-sectional diaphyseal properties, and articular breadths were taken from archived radiographs of 20 study subjects measured at an average of 36 time points from early infancy to late adolescence. Anthropometric dimensions for these individuals were also obtained from study archives. These data are now available in an online data set: 10.5061/dryad.xsj3tx9gq .     

Native European eels as a potential biological control for invasive crayfish

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Controls of the quantum yield and saturation light of isoprene emission in different‐aged aspen leaves

Leaf age alters the balance between the use of end‐product of plastidic isoprenoid synthesis pathway, dimethylallyl diphosphate (DMADP), in prenyltransferase reactions leading to synthesis of pigments of photosynthetic machinery and in isoprene synthesis, but the implications of such changes on environmental responses of isoprene emission have not been studied. Because under light‐limited conditions, isoprene emission rate is controlled by DMADP pool size (S_DMADP), shifts in the share of different processes are expected to particularly strongly alter the light dependency of isoprene emission. We examined light responses of isoprene emission in young fully expanded, mature and old non‐senescent leaves of hybrid aspen (Populus tremula x P. tremuloides) and estimated in vivo S_DMADP and isoprene synthase activity from post‐illumination isoprene release. Isoprene emission capacity was 1.5‐fold larger in mature than in young and old leaves. The initial quantum yield of isoprene emission (α_I) increased by 2.5‐fold with increasing leaf age primarily as the result of increasing S_DMADP. The saturating light intensity (Q_I90) decreased by 2.3‐fold with increasing leaf age, and this mainly reflected limited light‐dependent increase of S_DMADP possibly due to feedback inhibition by DMADP. These major age‐dependent changes in the shape of the light response need consideration in modelling canopy isoprene emission.