A Plasmopara viticola RXLR effector targets a chloroplast protein PsbP to inhibit ROS production in grapevine

Pathogens secrete a large number of effectors that manipulate host processes to create an environment conducive to pathogen colonization. However, the underlying mechanisms by which Plasmopara viticola effectors manipulate host plant cells remain largely unclear. In this study, we reported that RXLR31154, a P. viticola RXLR effector, was highly expressed during the early stages of P. viticola infection. In our study, stable expression of RXLR31154 in grapevine (Vitis vinifera) and Nicotiana benthamiana promoted leaf colonization by P. viticola and Phytophthora capsici, respectively. By yeast two-hybrid screening, the 23-kDa oxygen-evolving enhancer 2 (VpOEE2 or VpPsbP), encoded by the PsbP gene, in Vitis piasezkii accession Liuba-8 was identified as a host target of RXLR31154. Overexpression of VpPsbP enhanced susceptibility to P. viticola in grapevine and P. capsici in N. benthamiana, and silencing of NbPsbPs, the homologs of PsbP in N. benthamiana, reduced P. capcisi colonization, indicating that PsbP is a susceptibility factor. RXLR31154 and VpPsbP protein were co-localized in the chloroplast. Moreover, VpPsbP reduced H₂O₂ accumulation and activated the ¹O₂ signaling pathway in grapevine. RXLR31154 could stabilize PsbP. Together, our data revealed that RXLR31154 reduces H₂O₂ accumulation and activates the ¹O₂ signaling pathway through stabilizing PsbP, thereby promoting disease.     

枯草芽孢杆菌在系统与合成生物技术中研究进展及工业应用

枯草芽孢杆菌Bacillus subtilis是微生物生理生化机理研究的模式菌株,也是工业应用生产小分子化合物、大宗化学品、工业酶、药物及保健品等生物制剂的良好底盘细胞。近些年,研究枯草芽孢杆菌的合成生物技术和代谢工程方法日新月异,为利用其作为底盘细胞生产目标产品提供了良好的工具和理论参考。文中综述了利用枯草芽孢杆菌为细胞工厂,在代谢改造中通过调节全局调控因子,基因组精简及优化,多位点、多维调控,自身生物传感动态调控,膜蛋白工程等方法,系统调控优化菌株;在蛋白质试剂生产改造中,通过优化基因启动子、蛋白质信号肽、菌株自身蛋白质分泌元件,构建无化学诱导剂表达系统等方法,优化生产菌株。另外,文中对未来进一步针对优化枯草芽孢杆菌进行工业生产中需要注意和重点关注的问题、方向进行展望。     

强化产电微生物与电极间电子传递速率的研究进展

产电微生物是微生物燃料电池、电解池和电合成等微生物电化学技术(Microbial electrochemical technologies,METs)的研究基础。产电微生物与电极界面间的胞外电子传递(Extracellular electron transfer,EET)效率低以及生物被膜形成能力弱限制了METs在有机物降解、电能生产、海水淡化、生物修复和生物传感等方面的应用。因此,强化产电微生物与电极界面间的相互作用是过去几年的主要研究热点。针对近年的研究,本文系统概述了通过改造产电微生物来增强微生物-电极间相互作用的各种策略,重点分析了这些策略的适用性和局限性,并展望了强化产电微生物-电极界面作用在微生物电化学技术利用方面的研究前景。     

Responses of the ecological characteristics and antioxidant enzyme activities in Rotaria rotatoria to UV-B radiation

Hydrobiologia - UV-B radiation is an increasing threat to aquatic organisms and also a potential driving force for zooplankton population dynamics. To explore the ecological effects of UVR on...     

Narrow H3K4me2 is required for chicken PGC formation

The development of primordial germ cells (PGCs) undergoes epigenetic modifications. The study of histone methylation in regulating PGCs is beneficial to understand the development and differentiation mechanism of germ stem cells. Notably, it provides a theoretical basis for directed induction and mass acquisition in vitro. However, little is known about the regulation of PGC formation by histone methylation. Here, we found the high enrichment of H3K4me2 in the blastoderm, genital ridges, and testis. Chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing was performed and the results revealed that genomic H3K4me2 is dynamic in embryonic stem cells, PGCs, and spermatogonial stem cells. This trend was consistent with the H3K4me2 enrichment in the gene promoter region. Additionally, narrow region triggered PGC‐related genes (Bmp4, Wnt5a, and Tcf7l2) and signaling pathways (Wnt and transforming growth factor‐β). After knocking down histone methylase Mll2 in vitro and vivo, the level of H3K4me2 decreased, inhibiting Cvh and Blimp1 expression, then repressing the formation of PGCs. Taken together, our study revealed the whole genome map of H3K4me2 in the formation of PGCs, contributing to improve the epigenetic study in PGC formation and providing materials for bird gene editing and rescue of endangered birds.     

喀什边境口岸陆运卡车及集装箱污染的新冠病毒基因特征分析

新疆维吾尔自治区喀什地区作为我国与中亚和欧洲的重要陆路货运口岸,来往货物运输频繁,引入新型冠状病毒(SARS-CoV-2)风险大,对我国新型冠状病毒肺炎(COVID-19)疫情防控造成压力.2020年11月我国新疆维吾尔自治区喀什地区发生输入SARS-CoV-2导致的本土聚集性COVID-19疫情.为明确货物运输载体携带SARS-CoV-2的基因特征以及边境快速物流系统作为SARS-CoV-2传播载体的可能性,本研究对2020年11月6日-2020年11月10日期间在喀什边境口岸货运卡车及运输的集装箱采集的35份SARS-CoV-2核酸阳性样本进行SARS-CoV-2全基因组序列测定和比对分析.结果 显示,35份样本ORFlab基因Ct值的中位数(最小值～最大值)为37.64(28.91～39.81),N基因Ct值的中位数(最小值～最大值)为36.50(26.35～39.30),Reads数匹配率的中位数(最小值～最大值)为51.95％(0.86％～99.31％),病毒载量较低;35份样本中基因组覆盖度达到70％以上的共计18份.基于Pango命名法,18条SARS-CoV-2基因组序列分别属于B.1、B.1.1、B.1.9、B.1.1.220、B.1.153和B.1.465共6个不同的基因型,其中3个基因型(B.1、B.1.1和B.1.153)在喀什边境接壤或邻近的四个国家同期采集的病例样本中也有发现.核苷酸突变位点和系统进化树分析显示,同一个地点采集的样本病毒基因组相似程度高;18条序列中的4条与喀什COVID-19疫情毒株代表序列处在同一个进化分支;其中1条序列与喀什COVID-19疫情毒株基因组存在1个或2个核苷酸突变位点差异,高度同源.本研究证实喀什COVID-19疫情期间边境货运卡车和集装箱存在境外多种基因型病毒的污染,其中存在喀什COVID-19疫情毒株的祖父代病毒,高度提示边境快速物流系统卡车及集装箱作为载体携带SARS-CoV-2病毒入境造成了本土疫情,这些数据为我国边境口岸地区的新冠防控策略制定及后续疫情溯源提供了关键的参考依据.