Identification of Alternaria tenuissima causing brown leaf spot on Paris polyphylla var. chinensis in China

Severe brown leaf spot disease was observed on Paris polyphylla var. chinensis in Sichuan Province, China, in 2017 and 2018. The initial symptoms were many light‐brown small spots with necrotic centres, round or irregular in shape, becoming dark brown, gradually enlarging and eventually coalescing, causing extensive leaf senescence. A fungus was isolated from diseased leaves showing typical symptoms of brown leaf spot. The isolates were cultured on potato sucrose agar, and their morphological characteristics of the causal pathogen were observed under a light microscope. Pathogenicity tests revealed that this fungus was the causal pathogen of the disease. Molecular analyses of the sequences of the ribosomal DNA internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region, translation elongation factor 1‐alpha (TEF) and the RNA polymerase II second largest subunit (RBP2) gene were conducted to confirm the identity of the pathogen. The multi‐gene phylogeny indicated that the causal agent was Alternaria tenuissima. To our knowledge, this is the first report of A. tenuissima causing brown leaf sports on P. polyphylla var. chinensis in China.     

不同生长年限华重楼根际土壤微生物多样性研究

为探究华重楼生长发育与土壤微生物群落结构变化的关系,该研究利用Illumina高通量测序技术对3年生、5年生、7年生、9年生等4个不同生长年限的华重楼根际土壤细菌16S rRNA和真菌18S序列进行测序分析。结果表明:(1)不同生长年限根际土壤中主要优势细菌均为变形菌门、酸杆菌门、放线菌门和绿弯菌门; 优势真菌为子囊菌门、担子菌门与毛霉门。(2)不同生长年限华重楼根际土壤中细菌物种较真菌物种更丰富,多样化程度更高。细菌多样性随着华重楼生长年限的增加呈降低、升高、再降低的“И”型规律,最低点在第5年,最高点在第7年; 真菌多样性则随着生长年限的增加呈先升高后下降的“Λ”型规律,最高点在第7年。细菌群落丰富度随着生长年限的增加呈先升高后下降的“Λ”型规律,第7年时丰富度最高; 而真菌丰富度随着生长年限增长变化不大。(3)UPGMA聚类分析显示,随着生长年限的推进根际土壤微生物群落结构演变明显,细菌群落演变比较剧烈的时期是在定植后第7年,而真菌群落则在定植后第5年。(4)Spearman相关性分析发现,速效钾和全氮是影响华重楼根际土壤细菌组成的主要因子,全钾是影响真菌组成的主要因子。综上认为,不同生长发育时期的华重楼根际土壤微生物群落组成和结构不同,而第5至第7年是根际土壤微生物群落多样性发生重大变化的关键时期。     

大萼球药隔重楼,湖南重楼属(黑药花科)一新变种北大核心CSCD

报道了湖南重楼属(Paris L.)一新变种:大萼球药隔重楼(Paris fargesii Franch.var.macrosepala H.X.Yin&W.X.Rao&L.Zhao),其与原变种球药隔重楼(P.fargesii Franch.var.fargesii)区别在于外轮花被片极为宽大,长6.5~11.0 cm,宽2.5~4.0 cm,叶-萼长度比常小于2.0(平均1.91),叶-萼宽度比普遍小于3.0(平均2.86),内轮花被片较短,2.0~5.3 cm,常平展于外轮花被片之上,药隔凸出部分呈扁平状,具明显裂痕,顶面观呈蝶形或双肾形。     

中国重楼属特有种卷瓣重楼的地理分布特征及濒危状况

卷瓣重楼Paris undulatis H.Li et V.G.Soukup为中国重楼属植物特有种,然而该种从发表至今,关于其是否为峨眉山原产、是否为峨眉山特有、野生种群是否已灭绝等问题仍无定论。本文通过资源调查、分类学鉴定,并结合IUCN的濒危物种分类标准对卷瓣重楼进行了评价,澄清了上述问题。     

A coleoid gladius (Mollusca,Cephalopoda) from the Albian of Normandy (France): A new squid genus and species

A coleoid gladius (Mollusca, Cephalopoda), well preserved in a phosphate nodule, is described from the lower Albian of Normandy (France). The lateral parts of the gladius are considered as the remains of a primary conus. This fossil is part of a gladius of modern type. It is thought to be included in an evolutionary trend leading to the Recent genera, of narrowing of the gladius associated with greater streamlining of the body. The coleoid gladii are almost unknown from the Cretaceous. This coleoid gladius from the Albian of Normandy differs from any known Mesozoic gladius, and thus is named Normanoteuthis inopinata, new genus, new species, within the family Plesioteuthidae.     

七叶一枝花内生真菌Penicillium sp.(NO.24)次级代谢产物研究

从神农架地区濒危药用植物七叶一枝花叶片中一株内生真菌Penicillium sp.中分离纯化得到七个聚酮类化合物和一个简单的生物碱类的次级代谢产物,其结构经核磁共振,质谱等方法确定,分别为Citrinin H1(1),dehydroisopenicillide(2),penicillide(3),7,9-二烯-十九碳酸单甘油酯(4),7-烯-十九碳酸单甘油酯(5),Silvaticol(6),5-hydroxy-2-pyridinemethanol(7),2,4,6-辛三烯酸(8);运用MTT法评价了八个次级代谢产物的体外抑制肝癌细胞的活性,结果表明化合物1,2,3,7具有较好体外抑制肝癌细胞的活性,其IC50分别为8.5,12.5,15.0,18.2μg.mL-1。     

Footprints of Giant Birds from the Upper Eocene of the Paris Basin: An Ichnological Enigma

In 1859 the French geologist Jules Desnoyers reported the discovery of vertebrate footprints in the Late Eocene gypsum of the Paris region. Although they attracted some attention at the time, those footprints were never illustrated or described in detail, and the present whereabouts of the specimens seem to be unknown. Several types of footprints were referable to animals known by skeletal elements from the gypsum, but some were not. Among the latter were tridactyl footprints of very large birds, which Desnoyers tentatively attributed to the giant ground bird Gastornis, which had been discovered in the Lower Eocene of the Paris region a few years earlier. Gastornithids are now known from the Paleocene to the Middle Eocene, but no skeletal remains of giant birds have yet been found in the Upper Eocene of Europe. The tracks of giant birds from the gypsum of the Paris region are thus an example of fossil footprints without known osteological counterparts, and the identity of the trackmakers remains an enigma.     

Cell multiplication and type II collagen production by rabbit articular chondrocytes cultivated in a defined medium

The complexity and the variations in the efficiency of different batches of serum stimulated the preparation of a serum-free medium which could promote not only growth, but also the differentiation properties of rabbit articular chondrocytes in culture. The serum-free medium (SFM) developed in this study contained insulin, transferrin, Na-selenite, human fibronectin bovine serum albumin (BSA), brain growth factor (BGF) or fibroblast growth factor (FGF), hydrocortisone and multiplication stimulating activity (MSA). Primary or secondary cultures of chondrocytes in such a medium attained a proliferation rate equal to 70-80% of that obtained with chondrocytes grown in a serum control medium. The deletion of various factors from SFM indicates that BGF or FGF are the most stimulating of growth factors. Insulin was beneficial when used individually; when combined with BGF or FGF, they had a synergistic effect on cell proliferation. MSA seemed not to play any role in chondrocyte growth in culture. The SFM medium did not modify either the morphology or the progression of cells into the cell cycle. It moreover allowed the maintenance of the specific function of chondrocytes to synthesize type II collagen.     

Sterol-phospholipid interactions in model membranes Effect of polar group substitutions in the cholesterol side-chain at C20 and C22

The interactions of phospholipids with four different cholesterol derivatives substituted with one OH or one keto group at position C₂₀ or C₂₂ of the side-chain were studied. The derivatives were the 22,R-hydroxy; 22,S-hydroxy; 22-keto- and 20,S-hydroxycholesterol. Two aspects of the interactions were investigated: (1) the effect of the cholesterol derivatives on the gel → liquid crystalline phase transition of dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC) and of dielaidoylphosphatidylethanolamine (DEPE) monitored by differential scanning calorimetry and (2) The effect on the lamellar → hexagonal H_II phase transition of DEPE monitored by DSC and by ³¹P-NMR to determine structural changes. The gel → liquid crystalline phase transition was affected by the cholesterol derivatives to a much larger extent in the case of DPPC than of DEPE. In both cases, there was a differential effect of the four derivatives, the 22,R-hydroxycholesterol being the less effective. In DPPC-sterol 1:1 systems, 22,R-hydroxycholesterol does not suppress the melting transition, the ΔH values becomes 7.1 kcal · mol^?1 as compared to 8.2 kcal · mol^?1 for the pure lipid. 22,S-OH cholesterol has a much stronger effect (ΔH = 3.1 kcal · mol^?1) and 22-ketocholesterol suppresses the transition completely. In DEPE mixtures of all these compounds, the melting transition of the phospholipid is still observable. The transition temperature was shifted to lower values (?13.5°C in the presence of 20,S-OH cholesterol). The ΔH of the transition was lowered by these compounds except in DEPE-22,R-OH cholesterol mixtures and the cooperativity of the transition (reflected by the width at half peak height) was reduced. The lamellar → hexagonal H_II phase transition was also affected by the presence of these cholesterol derivatives. The transition temperature value was depressed with all these compounds. 20,S-OH cholesterol was the most effective followed by 22,R-OH cholesterol. The ΔH of the transition was not strongly affected. The molecular interfacial properties of these derivatives were studied by the monomolecular film technique. It is most likely that 22,R-OH cholesterol due to the hydroxyl groups at the 3β- and 22,R-positions orients with the sterol nucleus lying flat at the air/water interface, since the compression isotherm of either the pure sterol or the DOPC-sterol mixture (molar ration, 1:1) monomolecular film exhibits a transition at approx. 103 Ų, corresponding to the area of revolution of the sterol nucleus. This remarkable property, due probably to the existence of a kink between the side-chain and the long axis of the steroid nucleus, might explain the smaller effect of this sterol on the melting transition of either PC or PE systems.