“叶的形态”一节教学方法改革的尝试

通过“叶的形态”一课教学,目的是使学生了解叶的组成,掌握单叶、复叶和叶序的概念。同时,通过对叶形态的讲解,说明植物与外界环境相适应,形态与功能相适应。这节课内容,头绪较多,概念较多,要想很好地理解、记忆却又不容易。针对这种情况,我利用学校建起生物园的有利条件,改革教学方法,带学生到生物园上课,使整节课贯穿在调查、观察、比较、讨论和演练五个环节中,让学生能耳闻目睹,眼观脑思,动手动口,在内容安排上环环相扣,步步深入,以至整个课堂气氛由沉思观察,到热烈讨论,气氛浓烈,在这个过程中教师进行引导。实验证明,该法不但使学生的主动性大大提高,学习兴趣得到培养,也加深了对基础知识的理解。而且更重     

鼻行天下

在热带东非和南非的干旱地区，生长着一种奇异而有趣的树，树上一年到头只是一些光溜溜的绿枝，不长叶子，偶然长叶，但也很少，因此人们叫它“光棍树：也有人叫它神仙棒或绿玉树，日本人称之为青珊瑚。     

山西刺皮瘿螨属三新种记述（瘿螨总科：瘿螨科：叶刺瘿螨亚科）

记述采自山西历山自然保护区的瘿螨3新种：山马兰刺皮瘿螨Aculops kalimeris Xie sp. nov., 寄主是山马兰Kalimeris lautureana (Debx.) Kitam. (菊科Compositae)；稠李刺皮瘿螨Aculops padus Xie sp. nov.，寄主是稠李Prunus padus Linn. (蔷薇科Rosaceae)；野豌豆刺皮瘿螨Aculops sepius Xie sp. nov.，寄主是野豌豆Vicia sepium Linn. (豆科Fabaceae)。模式标本保存在安康学院农学与生命科学学院。     

针阔叶凋落物混合分解对酚类物质释放的非加和性影响

凋落物在分解过程中释放的酚类物质是植物影响其周边环境的主要媒介之一，然而凋落物混合分解对酚类物质释放的非加和性影响尚不清楚。本文以秦岭地区云杉、华北落叶松和华山松以及槭树、红桦和灰楸的凋落叶组成9种1∶1(w/w)针阔叶混合凋落物，采用分解袋法在室内条件(20～25℃、恒湿避光)下进行6个月的分解实验，研究针阔叶凋落物的存在对彼此水溶性酚和缩合单宁释放的影响。结果表明：(1)云槭和落槭凋落物混合分解初期对水溶性酚释放产生总体拮抗效应，但在试验后期转为产生总体协同效应，其中针阔叶凋落物在试验初期显著抑制彼此水溶性酚释放，随后转变为相互促进(P<0.05)。其余7种混合物分解时对水溶性酚释放产生总体拮抗效应(P<0.05),其中在云桦、云楸、落楸和落桦混合物中，针叶凋落物的水溶性酚释放由受到显著抑制转为受到显著促进(P<0.05)或不受影响(P>0.05),而在华桦、华楸和华槭混合物中，针叶凋落物的水溶性酚释放倾向于受到显著抑制(P<0.05)。在以上7种混合物中，阔叶凋落物的水溶性酚释放则普遍受到显著抑制(P<0.05)。(2)所有混合组合均对凋落物缩...     

箭叶淫羊藿多糖新组分EP80的结构表征及其对酒精代谢相关酶活力的影响研究CSCD

采用乙醇分级分离技术从箭叶淫羊藿中分离得到了多糖新组分EP80,应用薄层色谱、热重分析等方法分析了EP80的理化性质,应用傅里叶变换红外光谱、圆二色谱、刚果红实验、扫描电子显微镜等技术研究了EP80的结构特征,考察了EP80的体外抗氧化活性及其对酒精代谢相关酶的效应。结果表明,EP80由半乳糖、阿拉伯糖、葡萄糖和木糖组成,其分子量为3.2×104 Da,具有吡喃糖苷骨架,含有三股螺旋结构,在230 nm附近有正Cotton效应,在260 nm附近有负Cotton效应,微观形貌呈不规则片状,有突出的褶皱结构,热失重区间主要集中在240~350℃。EP80清除DPPH和ABTS自由基的半有效浓度(EC_(50))分别为0.029和0.235 mg/mL。EP80对乙醇脱氢酶和乙醛脱氢酶均具有激活作用,对乙醛脱氢酶的EC_(50)明显低于乙醇脱氢酶(P<0.01)。本研究为淫羊藿多糖新组分开发利用提供了参考依据。     

Effects of grazing intensity and grazing exclusion on litter decomposition in the temperate steppe of Nei Mongol,China

Aims Grazing intensity and grazing exclusion affect ecosystem carbon cycling by changing the plant community and soil micro-environment in grassland ecosystems. The aims of this study were: 1) to determine the effects of grazing intensity and grazing exclusion on litter decomposition in the temperate grasslands of Nei Mongol; 2) to compare the difference between above-ground and below-ground litter decomposition; 3) to identify the effects of precipitation on litter production and decomposition. Methods We measured litter production, quality, decomposition rates and soil nutrient contents during the growing season in 2011 and 2012 in four plots, i.e. light grazing, heavy grazing, light grazing exclusion and heavy grazing exclusion. Quadrate surveys and litter bags were used to measure litter production and decomposition rates. All data were analyzed with ANOVA and Pearson’s correlation procedures in SPSS. Important findings Litter production and decomposition rates differed greatly among four plots. During the two years of our study, above-ground litter production and decomposition in heavy-grazing plots were faster than those in light-grazing plots. In the dry year, below-ground litter production and decomposition in light-grazing plots were faster than those in heavy-grazing plots, which is opposite to the findings in the wet year. Short-term grazing exclusion could promote litter production, and the exclusion of light-grazing could increase litter decomposition and nutrient cycling. In contrast, heavy-grazing exclusion decreased litter decomposition. Thus, grazing exclusion is beneficial to the restoration of the light-grazing grasslands, and more human management measures are needed during the restoration of heavy-grazing grasslands. Precipitation increased litter production and decomposition, and below-ground litter was more vulnerable to the inter-annual change of precipitation than above-ground litter. Compared to the light-grazing grasslands, heavy-grazing grasslands had higher sensitivity to precipitation. The above-ground litter decomposition was strongly positively correlated with the litter N content (R² = 0.489, p < 0.01) and strongly negatively correlated with the soil total N content (R² = 0.450, p < 0.01), but it was not significantly correlated with C:N and lignin:N. Below-ground litter decomposition was negatively correlated with the litter C (R² = 0.263, p < 0.01), C:N (R² = 0.349, p < 0.01) and cellulose content (R² = 0.460, p < 0.01). Our results will provide a theoretical basis for ecosystem restoration and the research of carbon cycling.     

河南槭叶铁线莲(毛茛科)一新变种——无裂槭叶铁线莲

报道了槭叶铁线莲一新变种——无裂槭叶铁线莲Clematis acerifolia Maxim. var. elobata S. X. Yan。该变种与原变种不同在于植株较矮,高不超过20 cm,叶卵形至宽卵形,不分裂,基部宽楔形至近截形,边缘具不规则锯齿。     

不同寄主植物对山楂叶螨生长发育和繁殖的影响

室内采用叶碟饲养的方法研究了苹果、桃、李、樱桃和杏等不同果树对山楂叶螨Tetrancychusvienensis生长发育和繁殖的影响。结果表明,在李树上山楂叶螨的发育历期短、生殖力强、存活率高,rm值大,而在樱桃和杏树上该螨的发育历期长、生殖力弱、存活率低、rm值小。寄主转换试验结果表明,当山楂叶螨由苹果转移至樱桃和杏树时,其生长发育的历期显著延长,rm值大幅度降低;而由苹果转移至桃树和李树时,其生长发育的历期虽也有所延长,但差异不显著,rm值则明显降低。表明山楂叶螨对新寄主的适应因不同寄主而异,在桃和李上经历1代后即可适应,而在杏和樱桃上经历2代后才能适应新的寄主。     

凋落物的树种多样性与杉木人工林土壤生态功能

通过模拟试验和野外调查对凋落物的树种多样性与杉木人工林土壤生态功能之间关系进行了研究。林分取样调查的结果表明 ,有两个树种凋落物覆盖的几个杉阔混交林土壤脲酶和蔗糖酶活性均明显高于只有杉木凋落物覆盖的杉木纯林土壤 ,酸性磷酸酶活性也呈现相同的变化趋势 ,这 3种土壤酶活性均以具有凋落物种类最多的次生常绿阔叶林土壤最高。除了土壤酶活性升高之外 ,杉阔混交林的土壤有机质和全氮含量也明显高于仅有一种杉木凋落物覆盖的杉木纯林土壤。采用杉木叶凋落物与不同阔叶树种凋落物处理土壤的模拟试验结果表明 ,在凋落物投放量和 (1 5NH4 ) 2 SO4 施用量相同的控制条件下 ,随着投放的凋落物树种组成的增加 ,土壤中 1 5N的残留量也随之增加 ,而其损失量却随之减少 ;土壤中杉木幼树对于 1 5N的吸收量以及杉木幼树的单株鲜重也随着处理凋落物组成树种的增加而增加 ,具有不同树种数量的凋落物处理之间差异显著 (p<0 .0 5 )。可见随着凋落物树种多样性的增加 ,不仅土壤有机质和全氮含量这两个基本的质量指标得到明显改善 ,而且土壤酶活性、土壤养分保蓄功能以及保证幼树良好生长等的生态功能明显改善