Mismatches between breeding phenology and resource abundance of resident alpine ptarmigan negatively affect chick survival

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陕西省植被覆盖时空变化及其对极端气候的响应

基于2001—2018年MODIS NDVI数据,从生态分区视角分析陕西省归一化植被指数(NDVI)的时空变化特征,并结合该地区31个气象站点日值数据,探讨NDVI对极端气温和极端降水指数的响应特征。结果表明：(1)陕西省及其各生态区的NDVI变化均显著上升,整体呈南高北低的分布特点,其中秦巴山地落叶与阔叶林生态区(IV)NDVI值最高为0.86,陕北北部典型草原生态区(I)NDVI值最低为0.38。(2)年际尺度上,陕西省NDVI与极端气温暖极值(暖夜日数)和极端降水指数总体呈显著正相关(P<0.05),在陕西省北部NDVI变化主要受极端降水的影响,南部则对极端气温的敏感度更高。(3)多年月尺度上,各生态区NDVI对极端气温冷极值(最低气温、日最低气温的极低值和日最高气温的极低值)和极端气温暖极值(最高气温、日最低气温的极高值和日最高气温的极高值)存在明显的滞后性,滞后时间多为3个月;与极端降水指数(单日最大降水量和连续5日最大降水量)的滞后时间为2个月,说明陕西省内NDVI对极端气候的响应具有显著的滞后效应。     

Are regional precipitation–productivity relationships robust to decadal-scale dry period?

降水-生产力的空间关系是否稳定不变？ 降水是全球陆地生态系统中植被生长和净初级生产力的主要驱动因素。因此,探究降水和生产力关系有助于深入了解气候变化如何改变生态系统功能。降水-生产力的空间关系在全球不同草地上非常相似,但在连续多年气候异常的情况下,这种关系是否会发生变化以及如何变化尚不清楚。本研究利用 利用中国北方温带草地长达10年低于多年平均降水的时期,基于遥感植被指数数据,量化了区域尺度上降水-植被生产力关系在持续多年的干湿期之间将如何变化。结果表明,在连续10年的干期,降水-生产力空间相关性急剧下降,而该空间关系的下降主要是由于不同草原类型对干旱的响应在空间上存在高度的异质性,即不同生态系统对干旱的响应程度存在差异。因此,如果未来气候变化进一步加剧全球草地的干旱,那么基于历史时期(平水期)得到的降水-生产力空间关系推测区域尺度植被生产力可能导致误差。     

大尺度不透水面遥感估算方法比较——以京津唐为例

城市不透水面既是常用的城市化程度指标,也是衡量环境质量的重要指标。采用遥感技术准确提取城市不透水面并分析其空间扩张过程,对生态城市建设具有重要意义。基于Landsat 5 TM影像,采用NDVI二元法和线性光谱分解法,分别提取北京、天津和唐山3个城市不透水面信息,并将不透水面估算结果与近同期的ALOS影像提取结果对比验证。结果表明,线性光谱分解法获取的不透水面结果较好,RMSE为20.6%,能有效提取大范围的不透水面信息。     

盐池县2000-2012年植被变化及其驱动力

荒漠草原区的植被对防治荒漠化、维护生态屏障具有决定性作用,宁夏盐池县作为其典型代表,近13年的植被变化深受气候变化和人类活动的综合影响。基于MODIS NDVI等数据,运用趋势分析、经验模态分解和空间叠置分析等方法,对盐池县2000—2012年的植被动态变化进行研究,结果表明:(1)2000—2012年盐池县NDVI在0.2—0.4之间呈波动上升趋势,上升幅度为0.078/10 a,上升趋势显著;总体来说,植被稳定性低,年际间波动或转换频繁、幅度大;(2)NDVI的波动分量与残余分量方差贡献率各占50%,且NDVI波动呈减弱趋势。促使NDVI波动的主控因子是年降水量,但其影响在减弱;(3)推动NDVI趋势性上升的主要因素是土地利用方式改善和类型变化,但土地利用方式改善对NDVI的贡献远远大于土地利用类型变化对NDVI的贡献。因此,荒漠草原区的生态改善应以保护为主,辅之以必要的生态重建,走以适度开发带动整体保护的道路。     

利用CASA模型模拟西南喀斯特植被净第一性生产力

基于SPOT NDVI遥感数据并结合数字高程模型、气象数据和植被参数,利用实测植被生产力计算和修正最大光能利用率,通过改进CASA过程模型,本文估算了中国西南喀斯特地区1999—2003年的植被净第一性生产力（NPP）。结果表明：1）改进后的CASA模型模拟的植被NPP与实测值相关性显著,可较好用于西南喀斯特植被的NPP估算;2）西南8省市区1999—2000年喀斯特和非喀斯特植被的NPP有轻度增加,但空间变化不显著,2001年低值区范围增加,2002年NPP高值区的范围明显扩大,随后在2003年又降低,但仍高于2001年;3）5年间西南喀斯特地区年NPP的变化范围是381.7—439.9 gC m-2 yr-1,平均值为402.34 gC m-2 yr-1,逐年NPP波动中呈现总体增长趋势,平均增加值为9.93 gC m-2 yr-1,5年总增加量为11TgC,但非喀斯特地区的年NPP平均值和增加值都大于喀斯特地区;4）5年间喀斯特地区的热带森林、亚热带森林、灌丛和草地的逐年NPP均小于非喀斯特地区,温带森林和农业植被则相反;这6种典型植被年NPP均呈增加趋势,热带森林的增加值最大,草地最小,非喀斯特地区植被NPP的增长趋势相似,但每种植被的年NPP增加值均大于喀斯特地区。西南喀斯特地区植被NPP的时空变化与气温、降水和太阳辐射的变化有关,而喀斯特植被NPP低于非喀斯特地区,则主要由喀斯特地区水分匮缺、土壤贫瘠等恶劣条件而抑制植物生长造成的。     

Phenology shifts at start vs. end of growing season in temperate vegetation over the Northern Hemisphere for the period 1982–2008

Changes in vegetative growing seasons are dominant indicators of the dynamic response of ecosystems to climate change. Therefore, knowledge of growing seasons over the past decades is essential to predict ecosystem changes. In this study, the long‐term changes in the growing seasons of temperate vegetation over the Northern Hemisphere were examined by analyzing satellite‐measured normalized difference vegetation index and reanalysis temperature during 1982–2008. Results showed that the length of the growing season (LOS) increased over the analysis period; however, the role of changes at the start of the growing season (SOS) and at the end of the growing season (EOS) differed depending on the time period. On a hemispheric scale, SOS advanced by 5.2 days in the early period (1982–1999) but advanced by only 0.2 days in the later period (2000–2008). EOS was delayed by 4.3 days in the early period, and it was further delayed by another 2.3 days in the later period. The difference between SOS and EOS in the later period was due to less warming during the preseason (January–April) before SOS compared with the magnitude of warming in the preseason (June–September) before EOS. At a regional scale, delayed EOS in later periods was shown. In North America, EOS was delayed by 8.1 days in the early period and delayed by another 1.3 days in the later period. In Europe, the delayed EOS by 8.2 days was more significant than the advanced SOS by 3.2 days in the later period. However, in East Asia, the overall increase in LOS during the early period was weakened in the later period. Admitting regional heterogeneity, changes in hemispheric features suggest that the longer‐lasting vegetation growth in recent decades can be attributed to extended leaf senescence in autumn rather than earlier spring leaf‐out.     

A latitudinal gradient in tree growth response to climate warming in the Siberian taiga

We investigated the climate response of three Siberian taiga species, Larix cajanderi, Picea obovata, and Pinus sylvestris, across a latitudinal gradient in central Siberia. We hypothesized that warming is more frequently associated with increased growth for evergreen conifers (P. obovata and P. sylvestris) than for L. cajanderi, and for northern than for southern sites; we also hypothesized that increased growth is associated with a positive trend in normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI). In mixed stands, growth of L. cajanderi and P. obovata increased over time, but the larger growth increases in P. obovata may presage a shift in competitive balance between these species. Climate response varied among and within populations of all species, and positive responses to temperature prevailed at northern sites, where trees grew faster in years with warm early summers. Negative responses to warming declined along the south to north latitudinal gradient. We observed considerable variability in climate response within populations which even exceeded that among species or sites. Tree response to climate was correlated with NDVI trends, indicating that patterns of tree‐growth response to climate were indicative of a coherent landscape‐scale response to warming. Our findings suggest that increased productivity with warming is likely only in the northern reaches of the Siberian taiga. An increased prevalence of evergreen conifers in areas currently dominated by deciduous Larix species also seems likely.