Trophic structure of macrobenthos in the Tagus estuary and adjacent coastal shelf

The trophic structure of benthic communities in the Tagus estuary and adjacent coastal shelf was characterized according to a functional guild approach, based on sampling surveys conducted between 1987 and 2000. Macrobenthic organisms were assigned to seven distinct trophic groups (herbivorous, filter feeders, surface deposit feeders, subsurface deposit feeders, carnivores, filter feeders/detritivores, carnivores/detritivores) and the dominance of these groups was related to environmental variables using multivariate ordination techniques. Surface-deposit feeders were numerically dominant in the Tagus estuary, making up 52% of the benthic communities, while in the adjacent coastal shelf the assemblage was dominated by both surface-deposit feeders and filter feeders (37% and 33%, respectively). When biomass was considered, filter feeders and filter feeders/detritivores were the dominant groups in the estuary, while for the adjacent coastal shelf filter feeders represented 83% of the total biomass. Salinity, depth and sediment composition were the main factors structuring spatial distribution. Surface-deposit feeders were the most abundant macrobenthos of the upper estuary. Surface deposit feeders also dominated the middle and the lower estuary but the proportion of filter feeders as well as other trophic groups increased with salinity. Generally, a more even distribution of trophic structure was found at stations with high salinity. In the adjacent coastal shelf, the trophic diversity decreased with depth. The trophic structure revealed that filter feeders dominated in abundance and biomass in shallow sandy sediments (<25 m), while in deeper sandy mud and muddy habitats (>50 m to 260 m), deposit feeders and carnivores were the most important groups in abundance and biomass, respectively.     

施硫对‘豫麦50’籽粒灌浆特性及产量的影响

选用弱筋小麦品种‘豫麦50’为材料,通过大田试验研究了较高供氮水平下(施纯氮330 kg/hm2)施用低量(S 20 kg/hm2)、中量(S 60 kg/hm2)和高量(S 100 kg/hm2)硫肥对小麦籽粒灌浆特性和产量的影响.结果显示,不同施硫处理的小麦籽粒灌浆进程均“呈慢—快—慢”的S型曲线,拟合的Logistic方程决定系数均大于0.993 2,并达到极显著水平;灌浆持续期(T)、渐增期平均灌浆速率(V1),快增期和缓增期持续期(T2、T3)、灌浆期各阶段干物质积累量(m1、m2、m3)和理论最大千粒重(K)均随施硫量增加而提高,并以中硫处理的各项灌浆参数表现较优;中硫处理的千粒重(46.47 g)和籽粒产量(7 416.0 kg/hm2)显著高于低硫处理,极显著高于对照(不施硫)和高硫处理.表明在当前较高施氮水平下,每公顷施纯硫60 kg可有效改善小麦灌浆特性,显著提高籽粒产量.     

附子连作障碍效应初步研究

通过大田试验,调查了连作附子的生长发育、产量及病虫害的变化,分析附子的连作障碍原因;并通过实验室常规分析,测定连作土壤的理化性状,探讨附子连作障碍的形成机理。结果显示：随着连作年限的增加,连作附子株高、茎粗、母根直径、最大子根直径均出现了不同程度的下降,其中连作对附子株高和茎粗的影响极显著;连作使病、虫害逐年加重,产量显著下降;附子连作使土壤pH下降,有机质含量升高,全N、有效P、速效K过剩。结果表明,连作加重了附子根腐病的发生,影响了附子母根的正常发育,从而导致附子产量下降;连作导致土壤pH降低是影响附子正常生长的限制因子。因此通过采用科学的配方施肥措施,调节土壤pH值,改善土壤环境,是缓解附子连作障碍的重要途径。     

不同氮素水平下施硫对高产小麦碳氮运转和产量的影响

在大田栽培条件下,以2个不同穗型的高产冬小麦品种为试验材料,在施240 kg·hm-2(N240)和330 kg·hm-2(N330)纯氮水平下,分别施纯硫60 kg·hm-2(S60)和0 kg·hm-2(S0),研究了施硫对小麦不同器官碳氮运转及其对籽粒产量和蛋白质产量的影响.结果显示:(1)2个供氮水平下,施硫(S60)均比对照(S0)增加了2个小麦品种的叶片、茎、鞘、颖壳和穗轴等营养器官花前贮藏干物质、氮素的运转量和运转率以及总运转量和总运转率,提高了转运干物质、氮素对籽粒重和籽粒氮素的贡献率,极显著提高了籽粒和蛋白质产量.(2)施硫对豫农949品种籽粒和蛋白质产量提高幅度显著高于兰考矮早八;与对照(S0)相比,豫农949的N240S60和N330S60处理使籽粒产量分别增加12.74%和16.41%,蛋白质产量分别增加16.84%和16.14%.结果表明,中氮和高氮水平下施硫均可明显促进高产小麦植株的C-N运转,提高植株对氮的吸收利用和碳物质的积累,从而增加籽粒产量,但不同品种间的施硫效应存在差异.     

施钾对强筋小麦生理特性及产量的效应

以强筋面包小麦临优145为试验材料,于大田生产条件下研究了施用钾肥对强筋小麦叶片光合、膜脂氧化及产量特性的影响.结果显示,适量施钾能显著降低开花14d以后旗叶中超氧阴离子的产生强度和MDA含量,并显著提高旗叶的叶绿素含量、光合速率和籽粒灌浆速率,显著增加千粒重;在施钾(K2O)37.5~150.0kg/hm2范围内,随施钾量增加,各处理产量呈先上升后下降趋势且均比对照极显著增产14.5%~30.7%,各处理间产量差异显著,以施钾(K2O)112.5kg/hm2时籽粒产量最高.结果表明,中产条件下施用钾肥可显著提高强筋小麦籽粒产量,且以施钾(K2O)103.0~112.5kg/hm2为宜.     

荒漠植物红砂叶绿素和脯氨酸累积与环境因子的相关分析

通过测定中国境内荒漠植物红砂(Reaumuria soongorica)主要分布区内21个自然种群407株叶片的叶绿素和脯氨酸含量,以及不同种群内土壤含水量、可溶性盐分含量、有机质、全氮、全磷含量等土壤理化性状指标,分析了不同自然种群红砂叶绿素和脯氨酸含量的变异特征以及影响其变化的主要环境因子.研究结果表明:红砂种群间叶绿素含量差异显著.土壤因子对叶绿素合成的影响较气象因子大,而土壤含水量和土壤全磷含量是导致不同红砂种群叶绿素含量出现明显差异的主要原因.红砂脯氨酸含量平均值显著高于盐爪爪、骆驼刺、芨芨草等其它荒漠物种,并且与叶片含水量和土壤含水量呈显著负相关,与土壤可溶性盐分含量呈显著正相关.红砂体内脯氨酸的累积是对干旱盐渍环境的适应性反应,与抗旱性和抗盐性之间存在着一定的关系.     

污染环境中具有生育脉冲的单种群模型的最优捕获问题

研究周期性脉冲毒素输入的污染环境中具有生育脉冲的单种群捕获模型的动力学性质,通过数值模拟给出所研究系统的动力复杂性,并进一步指出脉冲捕获的时间对最大年度持续产量的影响.     

蔷薇科植物体细胞胚胎发生及影响因素研究进展

总结了近30年来蔷薇科植物体细胞胚胎发生及影响因素的研究进展。蔷薇科植物体胚发生多数是直接发生途径和间接发生途径同时存在,但以间接发生途径为主。合子胚作为外植体明显好于营养器官作为外植体。诱导体胚发生的植物生长素类调节剂以NAA、2,4-D为主,细胞分裂素类调节剂以6-BA为主,少数植物种类的体胚诱导需要添加KT。冷处理对蔷薇科植物的体胚分化有效。光照对蔷薇科植物的体胚发生没有显著的影响,有时光照会抑制体胚发生。今后应逐步开展对蔷薇科植物体细胞胚胎发生的生理、生化及分子机理的研究,这在蔷薇科植物的新品种培育、遗传改良、优良单株的离体扩殖等具有重要意义。     

Genetic and alkaloid analysis of Menispermum dauricum DC. by RAPD and HPLC

The aim of the present work was to determine whether dauricine could be used as a taxonomic marker for Menispermum dauricum DC., and to explore the correlation among RAPD, ecological markers and chemical markers. To this end, the chemical and genetic differences of 173 individual samples of M. dauricum from nine different sources were studied based on the relevant ecological factors including longitude, latitude, annual precipitation, mean temperature, annual accumulated temperature and mean sea level. The contents of dauricine in the sample rhizomes were assayed by HPLC with photodiode array detection. The leaves from the same sample were assayed using randomly amplified polymorphism DNA (RAPD). The genetic distances were then compared. Hierarchical cluster analysis and multiple linear stepwise regression analysis were used in the statistical analysis. The results indicated that the contents of dauricine were respectively correlated with the genetic distance (r = 1.000), longitude (r = 0.849), latitude (r = 0.861), annual precipitation (r = 0.903), mean temperature(r = 0.912), annual accumulated temperature (r = 0.919) and mean sea level (r = 0.925). It is concluded that the content of dauricine in M. dauricum is significantly correlated with genetic distance and ecological factors, and may be used as the taxonomic marker.     

Environmental Correlates for Species Richness among Amphibians and Reptiles in a Climate Transition Area

Correlations between environmental factors and the distribution of amphibian and reptile species richness were investigated in a climate transition area, Peneda-Gerês National Park (PNPG), in North-Western Portugal. Using presence-data at a local-scale (1 × 1 km), Ecological-Niche Factor Analysis (ENFA) identified a mixture of climatic (precipitation and number of days with fog), topographical (altitude and relief) and habitat factors (number of watercourses and water surfaces, the type of the largest water surface and tree diversity cover), as accurate predictors of species occurrence. Three factors were common for both taxonomic groups, and consistently presented a positive relation with species occurrence: precipitation, number of water surfaces, and tree diversity cover; suggesting a strong coincidence in the environmental correlates that influence amphibian and reptile species richness. Distribution patterns of observed and predicted species richness were compared using a Geographical Information System. Overall, three high species richness areas were predicted in common for both taxonomic groups and two additional areas for amphibians only. These areas matched with the observed species richness but suggested larger areas of high species richness. The location of the PNPG in a biogeographic crossroad, between Euro-Siberian and Mediterranean provinces, emphasised species richness of amphibians and reptiles and suggests a high priority conservation status for this protected area. Most of Central-Northern Portugal is located in a climatic transition area; therefore, increased species richness should be expected for other areas. Local scale studies for other protected areas should be planned as a framework for the development of multi-scale conservation planning by Portuguese authorities.