巢湖流域地下水硝态氮含量空间分布和季节变化格局

2009年冬季、2010年春季和夏季分别在巢湖流域采集了253个、249个和230个水井的地下水样品,分析了其硝态氮含量。结果表明,巢湖流域的地下水硝酸盐污染比较严重,冬季、春季和夏季的地下水硝态氮的超标率(≥10 mg/L)均超过20%。巢湖北部区的地下水硝态氮含量高于南部地区。在巢湖北部区,东北部江淮分水岭丘陵区的地下水硝态氮含量较低。在巢湖南部区,地下水硝态氮含量具有从西部山区向东部平原逐渐升高的趋势。不同土地利用类型的地下水硝态氮含量排序是村庄菜地旱地乡镇水稻-油菜(或小麦)轮作田果园单季水稻田养殖场,传统水稻田绿色水稻田。巢湖流域地下水硝态氮含量的季节变化总趋势为冬季≈春季夏季,主要与降水有关。不同土地利用类型的地下水硝态氮含量的季节变化格局不同,其中地下水硝态氮含量呈现冬季春季夏季的土地类型为菜地、果园和水稻田,春季冬季夏季的土地类型为旱地、乡镇、畜禽养殖场,春季夏季冬季的土地类型为村庄,这种季节变化格局主要与不同土地利用类型的施肥量、施肥时间的不同有关。     

Almost 50 years of monitoring shows that climate,not forestry,controls long‐term organic carbon fluxes in a large boreal watershed

Here, we use a unique long‐term data set on total organic carbon (TOC) fluxes, its climatic drivers and effects of land management from a large boreal watershed in northern Finland. TOC and runoff have been monitored at several sites in the Simojoki watershed (3160 km²) since the early 1960s. Annual TOC fluxes have increased significantly together with increased inter‐annual variability. Acid deposition in the area has been low and has not significantly influenced losses of TOC. Forest management, including ditching and clear felling, had a minor influence on TOC fluxes – seasonal and long‐term patterns in TOC were controlled primarily by changes in soil frost, seasonal precipitation, drought, and runoff. Deeper soil frost led to lower spring TOC concentrations in the river. Summer TOC concentrations were positively correlated with precipitation and soil moisture not temperature. There is some indication that drought conditions led to elevated TOC concentrations and fluxes in subsequent years (1998–2000). A sensitivity analysis of the INCA‐C model results showed the importance of landscape position, land‐use type, and soil temperature as controls of modeled TOC concentrations. Model predictions were not sensitive to forest management. Our results are contradictory to some earlier plot‐scale and small catchment studies that have shown more profound forest management impacts on TOC fluxes. This shows the importance of scale when assessing the mechanisms controlling TOC fluxes and concentrations. The results highlight the value of long‐term multiple data sets to better understand ecosystem response to land management, climate change and extremes in northern ecosystems.     

百里香无性系的克隆生长特征

植物克隆生长及其与生态适应性的关系是当今植物种群生态学研究的热点和前沿课题,但目前小半灌木克隆生长的研究开展不多。百里香(Thymus serpyllum var. asiaticus)是一种具有地面匍匐茎的草本状小半灌木,可在土壤侵蚀剧烈、基岩大面积裸露的砒砂岩区形成百里香单优群落,在维持生态系统稳定方面具有重要的生态学作用。皇甫川流域是砒砂岩大面积分布的典型区域,在这一地区对百里香无性系的克隆生长进行研究,不仅具有重要的学术价值,而且在生态环境建设方面也具有一定的现实意义。在皇甫川流域选择含三级分株的百里香无性系,对其各级分株的总生物量、各构件生物量及数量、各构件生物量占总生物量的百分比及其月变化进行了研究。结果表明: 1)母株与子代相比,在总生物量、构件生物量及数量上占有绝对优势,而且具有体型大、结构复杂的特点; 2)对生物量分配格局的研究显示,母株根的生物量在总生物量中所占的比例最大,其叶所占的比例较低。子代叶的生物量在总生物量中所占的比例最大,其根所占的比例较低;3)不同级别分株在生物量分配上的差异,揭示了相互连接的分株在功能上的差别,母株可能更侧重于养分和水分的吸收,子株则更侧重于光合生产;4)构件枝、茎、花生物量分配比月变化显示,子1代各构件的生长规律与母株的基本一致,子2代与母株和子1代的相比差异较大,分析认为这可能是分株间不同程度的生理整合作用造成的结果。     

辽西大凌河流域生态安全评价

生态安全包括自然生态安全、经济生态安全和社会生态安全,尤指自然和半自然生态系统的安全,即生态系统完整性和健康的整体水平反映.通过专家评议,从生态系统的状态-压力-效应3个方面选取28项指标,对辽西大凌河流域不同时期的生态安全进行综合评价.结果表明,1987年(7.48)与2002年(7.51)大凌河流域生态安全处于良好状态,但2002年面临的生态压力比1987年增加了32.5%.1987～2002年大凌河流域生态安全水平没有显著下降的主要原因是朝阳市政府实施了大规模的小流域治理.大凌河流域2002年生态状态和生态效应分别是1987年1.29和1.42倍.     

基于地形限制特征的泾河流域遥感地表覆被分类

由于在分类方法和空间分辨率等方面存在局限性,基于粗分辨率遥感数据的传统非监督分类结果在不同地物过渡带内往往误差较大。该文提出了基于地形限制特征的分类方法,在非监督分类的基础上,将非监督分类结果按照像元进行细分,并运用地形限制条件对细分后的像元进行二次判别分类。结果表明,分类精度明显提高,其中,农田和居民点分类精度的提高最为明显。这一方法使得完全同质的单元可以进行属性的变更,改善了像元空间分辨率差造成的误差;而地形限制特征的引入减少了传统非监督分类的不确定性,使模糊区域的分类有了较为明确的区分特征,提高了分类的精度。     

黄土丘陵沟壑区典型小流域生态系统服务权衡与协同关系研究

黄土高原植被恢复状况制约生态系统服务的提升,本研究依托中国科学院水利部水土保持研究所安塞国家科学野外观测站的基础土壤、植被、气象和水文等数据,在黄土丘陵沟壑区选取纸坊沟和坊塌2个典型小流域,通过购买1998、2008和2018年遥感影像,采用InVEST(Integrated Valuation of Ecosystem Services and Tradeoffs)模型对生态服务(碳储量、土壤保持量、生境质量和产水量)进行评估,探究植被恢复过程中生态系统服务的协同效应和权衡关系。通过对比得知：随着植被的恢复,坊塌和纸坊沟各生态服务(碳储量、土壤保持量、生境质量和产水量)均得到了大幅度的提升,其中2008—2018年增加幅度较小,而1998—2008年增加幅度较大,主要原因在于该阶段(1998—2008年)是退耕还林还草的初始10年,林地及草地面积增长较多,而后10年为退耕的延续阶段,退耕面积增长减缓。从1998—2018年,受自然因素和人为因素的影响,坊塌和纸坊沟流域生态系统服务表现出协同和权衡关系。对于坊塌流域,2008年生态系统服务主要表现为协同关系,1998、2018年以权衡关...     

Effects of forest fire and drought on acidity of a base-poor boreal forest stream: similarities between climatic warming and acidic precipitation

In a boreal forest catchment in the Experimental Lakes Area in northwestern Ontario, wildfire caused an increase in the concentrations of strong acid anions and base cations of the stream. In the naturally base-poor Northwest (NW) Subbasin, a 1980 wildfire caused exports of strong acid anions to increase more than export of base cations, causing a 2.5 fold increase in the acidity of the stream. Mean annual stream pH declined from 5.15 prior to fire to 4.76 two years after fire. Acid-neutralizing capacity (ANC), calculated as the difference between total base cations and strong acid anions, decreased to 20% of pre-fire values. Sulfate and chloride were the strong acid anions responsible for the decline in ANC, increasing four-fold. While nitrate increased eleven-fold, concentrations were too low to significantly affect ANC. There was a significant correlation between weekly sulfate concentration and base cation concentration (r ² = 0.83) in the two years after fire. Recovery of ANC was caused by the more rapid decline in concentration of sulfate than by changes in base cations. Drought produced a similar but weaker response than fire, with increased sulfate concentrations and decreased stream pH. Climatic warming that increases drought and fire frequency would have effects that mimic the impacts of acidic precipitation (i.e. higher sulfate concentrations and acidic stream waters). Areas which have higher concentrations of stored S from past acid precipitation or have large areas of peatlands in the watershed may have aggravated losses of S and H⁺ after drought and fire.