氮水添加对放牧背景下荒漠草原生产力的影响

水分与氮素作为干旱和半干旱草原生产力的共同限制性因子在退化草原的生态快速修复过程中备受关注。以不同放牧强度背景下的短花针茅荒漠草原为研究对象,开展围封模拟放牧利用实验,同时添加氮素和水分。通过分析历史放牧强度与年份对生产力的影响,以及添加氮素和水分对不同功能群植物生物量的作用,探讨放牧强度对短花针茅草原生产力的内在作用机制,以及如何实现荒漠草原资源合理开发和可持续利用。研究结果显示,降雨量与放牧强度决定着短花针茅草原的植物群落结构。氮素和水分添加可分别提升11%-29%和12%-32%的群落地上生物量,且二者存在显著的交互作用。不同功能群植物的地上生物量对氮素与水分添加的响应存在差异,多年生丛生禾草对氮素和水分添加响应最敏感。氮素与水分添加可显著提高多年生丛生禾草的地上生物量,但与自然降水量相关。氮素添加对地上生物量的影响在正常降雨和稍旱年份作用显著,而水分添加在干旱年份作用显著。在正常降雨年份,以半灌木植物为优势种的轻度放牧背景以添加水分对提升生产力最宜,以多年生丛生禾草和半灌木为共优种的中度放牧背景和以多年生丛生禾草为优势种的重度放牧以同时添加水分和氮素对提升生产力最为宜;在干旱年份不同放牧强度背景下均以同时添加水分和氮素对提升生产力最为宜。我们的结果表明了养分与资源的改善有利于退化短花针茅草原的快速恢复和可持续生产。     

东部草原区煤电基地开发生态修复技术研究

本项目为"十三五"国家重点研发计划批复项目(2016YFC0501100)。针对我国东部草原区大型煤电基地开发生态修复技术需求和工程实施难题,聚焦煤炭开发对草原生态(水、土壤、植被)的影响机理及累积效应、区域生态稳定性与生态安全协调机制两大科学问题,运用生态学、采矿学、环境科学、草叶科学等多学科方法,采用理论分析、调查监测、试验研究相结合的综合手段,厘清煤炭开发对地下水和植被种群的影响边界、程度及累计效应,研发生态效应评价、区域水资源动态监测、水资源保护利用、煤矿土地整治、微生物联合修复、景观生态恢复等15项关键技术,形成基础理论、关键技术和工程示范一体化体系,创立东部草原区生态修复模式,在呼盟和锡盟煤炭开发基地进行集中工程示范,为我国东部草原区煤炭开发与生态修复提供理论和技术支撑。     

短期增温对紫花针茅草原土壤微生物群落的影响

土壤微生物是生态系统碳循环的重要参与者和调控者。全球变暖可能对土壤微生物群落产生影响, 加速陆地生态系统向大气中释放碳, 进而引起陆地碳循环对气候变暖的正反馈。然而, 目前学术界对土壤微生物群落如何响应气候变暖等问题认识不足, 尤其是缺乏低温干旱条件下土壤微生物对增温响应的实验证据。为此, 该文依托青藏高原紫花针茅(Stipa purpurea)草原建立的增温实验平台, 基于磷脂脂肪酸(PLFA)方法测定了2015和2016年生长季表层(0-10 cm)土壤微生物各类群的生物量, 在此基础上揭示气候变暖对紫花针茅草原土壤微生物群落结构的影响。结果显示, 短期增温处理导致2015和2016年生长季(5-10月)的表层土壤温度均显著提高1.6 ℃, 同时也导致土壤含水量显著下降了3.4%和2.4% (体积分数), 但并没有显著改变土壤化学性质及归一化植被指数。增温处理下, 两年生长季旺期(8月)的微生物生物量碳(MBC)含量分别为749.0和844.3 mg·kg ^-1, 微生物生物量氮(MBN)含量为43.1和102.1 mg·kg ^-1, 微生物生物量碳氮比分别为17.9和8.4, 但实验期间MBC、MBN和微生物生物量碳氮比与对照没有差异。PLFA分析的结果显示细菌在微生物群落中占主导, 而丛枝菌根真菌含量最少, 增温处理并没有改变不同类群的微生物生物量以及群落结构。进一步的分析显示, 土壤温度和含水量是调控土壤微生物群落变异的主要因子, 并且增温导致的微生物生物量碳的变化量分别与土壤温度和含水量的变化量呈显著正相关关系。以上结果表明, 由于受水分的限制, 短期增温对紫花针茅草原土壤微生物群落没有显著影响。     

短花针茅荒漠草原土壤微生物群落组成及结构

为详细了解内蒙古短花针茅荒漠草原生态系统中土壤微生物群落组成与结构。对其土壤中微生物的总DNA提取后,采用高通量测序技术对土壤中细菌的16Sr DNA和真菌的ITS基因进行了序列测定,分析了短花针茅荒漠草原土壤中微生物群落结构特征。结果表明,共获得细菌OTUs13711个,真菌OTUs 5929个。物种分类显示,细菌种类隶属于29门57纲111目191科485属,其中优势类群为Gammaproteobacteria和Thermoleophilia,它们的相对丰度分别为32.68%和26.83%。真菌隶属于4门16纲45目78科105属,优势类群为Ascomycota和Basidiomycota,它们的相对丰度分别为35.76%和25.90%。土壤中细菌群落的多样性和丰富度均高于真菌。     

荒漠草原建群种短花针茅功能性状对长期放牧的可塑性响应

植物功能性状反映了植物对生长环境的响应和适应,将环境、植物个体和生态系统结构、过程与功能联系起来,而放牧是草原生态系统的主要土地利用方式,对草原生态系统的群落结构和生态系统功能的改变起着重要作用。该研究测定了内蒙古四子王旗长期不同放牧强度下草原建群种短花针茅(Stipa breviflora)的功能性状,探讨放牧对草原群落结构的影响。研究发现:(1)随放牧强度增加,叶片各性状指标、个体生物量、植株高度、冠(丛)幅均有显著变小、变矮的趋势。(2)通过排序构建的短花针茅性状可塑性变化谱显示,各功能性状指标的可塑性指数均在重牧区最高,轻牧区最低;茎质量、叶质量、全株地上生物量对放牧响应敏感,而茎基部直径、冠(丛)幅和比叶质量响应不敏感。(3)短花针茅对长期放牧的变异系数(CV)与其响应程度(PI)之间符合指数方程y=0.08+0.18e~(1.61 x)(R~2=0.53,P0.05),植物功能性状的变异性与性状对放牧的响应强度呈正相关关系。(4)影响地上生物量的因子中,表型功能性状中的冠(丛)幅、平均叶长、叶片数量和总叶面积的贡献率之和达到72.93%。研究认为,随着放牧强度增强,短花针茅的变异性增大、可塑性增强,这可能是短花针茅能够成为建群种的生态响应机制。     

Analysis of spatial and temporal patterns of aboveground net primary productivity in the Eurasian steppe region from 1982 to 2013

To explore the importance of the Eurasian steppe region (EASR) in global carbon cycling, we analyzed the spatiotemporal dynamics of the aboveground net primary productivity (ANPP) of the entire EASR from 1982 to 2013. The ANPP in the EASR was estimated from the Integrated ANPP_NDVI model, which is an empirical model developed based on field‐observed ANPP and long‐term normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) data. The optimal composite period of NDVI data was identified by considering spatial heterogeneities across the study area in the Integrated ANPP_NDVI model. EASR's ANPP had apparent zonal patterns along hydrothermal gradients, and the mean annual value was 43.78 g C m^?2 yr^?1, which was lower than the global grasslands average. Compared to other important natural grasslands, EASR's ANPP was lower than the North American, South American, and African grasslands. The total aboveground net primary productivity (TANPP) was found to be 378.97 Tg C yr^?1, which accounted for 8.18%–36.03% of the TANPP for all grasslands. In addition, EASR's TANPP was higher than that of the grasslands in North America, South America, and Africa. The EASR's TANPP increased in a fluctuating manner throughout the entire period of 1982–2013. The increasing trend was greater than that for North American and South American and was lower than that for African grasslands over the same period. The years 1995 and 2007 were two turning points at which trends in EASR's TANPP significantly changed. Our analysis demonstrated that the EASR has been playing a substantial and progressively more important role in global carbon sequestration. In addition, in the development of empirical NDVI‐based ANPP models, the early–middle growing season averaged NDVI, the middle–late growing season averaged NDVI and the annual maximum NDVI are recommended for use for semi‐humid regions, semi‐arid regions, and desert vegetation in semi‐arid regions, respectively.     

Sequential temperature control of multi-phasic dormancy release and germination of Paeonia corsica seeds

Aims The physiological responses during dormancy removal and multi-phasic germination were investigated in seeds of Paeonia corsica (Paeoniaceae).Methods Seeds of P. corsica were incubated in the light at a range of temperatures (10–25 and 25/10°C), without any pre-treatment, after W (3 months at 25°C), C (3 months at 5°C) and W + C (3 months at 25°C followed by 3 months at 5°C) stratification, and a GA 3 treatment (250 mg·l^-1 in the germination substrate). Embryo growth, time from testa to endosperm rupture and radicle emergence were assessed as separate phases. Epicotyl–plumule emergence was evaluated incubating the germinated seeds at 15°C for 2 weeks, at 5 and 25°C for 2 months on agar water before transplanting to the soil substrate at 10, 15 and 20°C and at 15°C for 2 months on the surface agar water with GA 3 .Important findings Embryo growth, testa rupture, endosperm rupture (radicle emergence) and growth of the epicotyl were identified as four sequential steps in seeds of P. corsica. Gibberellic acid alone and warm stratification followed by 15°C promoted embryo growth and subsequent seed germination. Cold stratification induced secondary dormancy, even when applied after warm stratification. After radicle emergence, epicotyl–plumule emergence was delayed for ca. 3 months. Mean time of epicotyl–plumule emergence was positively affected by cold stratification (2 months at 5°C) and GA 3. P. corsica seeds exhibited differential temperature sensitivity for the four sequential steps in the removal of dormancy and germination processes that resulted in the precise and optimal timing of seedling emergence.     

草甸草原羊草茎叶功能性状对长期过度放牧的可塑性响应

植物对不同功能性状进行权衡, 通过表型可塑性达到对异质生境的适应是植物的一种生态对策。羊草(Leymus chinensis)是欧亚温带草原东缘的主要优势植物, 研究其对放牧的表型反应对揭示草原生态系统的放牧响应机制具有代表意义。该文以内蒙古呼伦贝尔草甸草原为例, 通过设置不同放牧压力与围封的长期试验, 研究了羊草茎叶功能性状对放牧的可塑性响应模式。结果表明: 1)与长期围封相比, 长期放牧导致羊草茎叶性状显著小型化, 其中, 株高和个体地上生物量分别降低76.82%和89.88%, 但3年短期围封对茎性状影响不显著, 说明羊草表型矮小化现象具有一定的保守性; 2)通过排序构建羊草性状可塑性变化谱, 发现茎质量、总质量、茎高、株高、叶面积等为对放牧响应的敏感性状, 而叶片数、茎粗、叶宽等较为稳定, 为惰性性状; 3)放牧干扰下, 羊草性状可塑性程度与其变异性之间符合y = y₀ + ae^bx拟合关系, 随着植物性状的响应强度增大, 其变异性增强; 4)偏最小二乘法分析发现茎长、株高、叶面积、叶长等性状的投影重要性指标大于1, 对地上生物量变化的解释率为68.6%, 是导致长期放牧下羊草个体生物量降低的主要因子。研究认为, 矮化型变是羊草的避牧适应对策, 在亚稳态下, 通过不同性状的权衡, 充分利用环境资源完成其生活史。     

Conservation genetics of the endangered Iberian steppe plant Ferula loscosii (Apiaceae)

Ferula loscosii (Lange) Willk (Apiaceae) is a threatened endemic species native to the Iberian Peninsula. The plant has a narrow and disjunct distribution in three regions, NE, C and SE Spain. Genetic variability within and among 11 populations from its natural distribution was assessed using allozymes. Intermediate levels of genetic diversity were detected in F. loscosii (P(99%) = 36.83; H(E) = 0.125; H(T) = 0.152). However, the highest genetic diversity (58%) corresponded to the threatened populations from SE and C Spain (H(T) = 0.169) rather than the more abundant and larger populations from NE Spain (Ebro valley) (H(T) = 0.122). Low to moderate levels of genetic structure were found among regional ranges (G(ST) = 0.134), and several statistical spatial correlation analyses corroborated substantial genetic differentiation among the three main regional ranges. However, no significant genetic differentiation was found among the NE Spain populations, except for a northernmost population that is geographically isolated. Outcrossing mating and other biological traits of the species could account for the maintenance of the present values of genetic diversity within populations. The existence of an ancestral late Tertiary wider distribution of the species in SE and C Spain, followed by the maintenance of different Quaternary refugia in these warmer areas, together with a more recent and rapid post-glacial expansion towards NE Spain, are arguments that could explain the low genetic variability and structure found in the Ebro valley and the higher levels of diversity in the southern Iberian populations.     

克氏针茅(Stipa krylovii)草原土壤呼吸及其影响因子

基于LI6400-09便携式光合作用测量系统的土壤呼吸观测系统对内蒙古克氏针茅(Stipa krylovii)草原2005年5月至9月的土壤呼吸作用的测定结果,研究了克氏针茅草原土壤呼吸速率的日、生长季动态及其控制因子.结果表明,在生长季节,克氏针茅草原土壤呼吸速率的日季动态均呈单峰型变化;日最大值和最小值分别出现在10:00～13:00和凌晨4:00左右;生长季日均最大值(0.14mgCO2m-2s-1)出现在6月份,日均最小值(0.03mgCO2m-2s-1)出现在8月份.在日尺度上,随着生长期的变化,控制土壤呼吸作用的环境因子有所不同;在生长初期和末期土壤呼吸速率的限制因子主要为总辐射,而在生长中期,控制因子则为气温和土壤含水量.在整个生长季的尺度上,极显著影响土壤呼吸作用的环境因子则为土壤含水量(0～10cm、10～20cm、20～30cm)、总辐射和气温.约有72%的土壤呼吸作用生长季变异是由表层土壤含水量和总辐射共同决定的,其中0～10cm土壤含水量是影响克氏针茅草原土壤呼吸作用在生长季节变化的主导环境因子,可以单独解释土壤呼吸作用变异的51%.