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51.
Silley P 《Journal of applied microbiology》2007,102(5):1220-1226
Veterinary medicines are subject to a rigorous evaluation with regard to safety, efficacy and quality before they are licensed. For drugs used in food producing animals, it is necessary to establish what is referred to as the acceptable daily intake (ADI), this is defined as an estimate of the amount of a substance, expressed on a body weight basis, that can be ingested daily over a lifetime without appreciable risk to human health. It is necessary to determine a toxicological, pharmacological and microbiological ADI. This article describes a recently harmonized guideline that outlines the process for determining the need for a microbiological ADI and discusses the test systems that take into account the complexity of the human intestinal flora. The described process is used to address the effects of antimicrobial drug residues on human intestinal flora for regulatory purposes. The guideline does not recommend any one particular system for use in regulatory decision making but provides recommendations for a harmonized approach to establish a microbiological ADI and offers test options rather than specifying a testing regimen. The process and the challenges of this new guideline are discussed. 相似文献
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Biosafety of kanamycin-resistant transgenic plants 总被引:9,自引:0,他引:9
Kanamycin resistance is one of the most frequently used selection markers for obtaining transgenic plants. The introduction
of these transgenic plants into agricultural practice will cause the kanamycin resistance gene and the gene product to be
present on a large scale. The desirability of this situation is analysed. The nature, properties and applications of the antibiotic
kanamycin are briefly reviewed, as are the mechanisms of kanamycin resistance. It is argued that the gene used for resistance
is an excellent choice because of the high substrate specificity of the enzyme encoded. Human or veterinary antibiotic therapies
will not be compromised. Also, the physico-chemical characteristics of the antibiotic exclude the existence of selective conditions
in the environment. Therefore, a transgenic plant or any other organism that might have acquired the gene will not get any
selective advantage because of this gene. Evidence further suggests there is no toxicity or predictable harm of both gene
or gene product for human or animal consumption. Full legislative clearance of this transgenic trait is therefore acceptable. 相似文献
53.
The breeding biology and management of three wild-caught adult Common trumpeters (one male and two females) was documented at the Woodland Park Zoological Gardens, Seattle, from April, 1984 to August, 1986. A total of 27 eggs were laid, and eight young survived to fledging. Both sexes exhibited crane-like dances during courtship, but the male appeared to perform these behaviors more frequently and with greater intensity than the females. Courtship feeding and allo-preening also occurred. Nests consisted of simple scrapes on the ground, but the birds had no opportunity to rest in trees or other elevated sites. Clutches contained two or three eggs, and the incubation period was aproximately 28 days. Although the breeding pair was generally aggressive toward the second female, all three adults participated in incubation and in caring for the young. Parental behavior consisted of brooding, allopreening, and feeding. The male preened and fed one chick significantly more often than either of the females. Trumpeter chicks were highly precocial, but grew relatively slowly, reaching 50% of adult weight by 45 to 50 days of age. Trumpeters are difficult to maintain and breed in captivity and appear to be susceptible to mycotic diseases, such as aspergillosis. Changes in the social composition of captive groups may result in improved breeding. 相似文献
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Low prevalence of the ‘gang of seven’ and absence of the O80:H2 serotypes among Shigatoxigenic and enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (STEC and EPEC) in intestinal contents of healthy cattle at two slaughterhouses in Belgium in 2014 下载免费PDF全文
J.‐N. Duprez A. Iguchi D. Piérard N. Korsak J.G. Mainil 《Journal of applied microbiology》2018,124(3):867-873
56.
Use of a systematic review to assist the development of Campylobacter control strategies in broilers
AIMS: Produce an evidence-based ranking of the major contributing factors and sources of Campylobacter occurrence in broilers produced in England, Scotland and Wales - Great Britain (GB). METHOD AND RESULTS: Relevant data were extracted from 159 research papers and findings were grouped into 14 sources of on-farm contamination and 37 contributing factors. A relevancy score was developed to take into account various measures from each study of applicability to GB broilers and strength of findings. Results indicate that major sources of Campylobacter include a depopulation event, another house on-farm, on-farm staff, and other animals on farm. The depopulation schedule (staggered slaughter) and multiple houses on-farm were identified as contributing factors associated with increasing the risk, and those decreasing the risk were use of a hygiene barrier, parent company and certain seasons of rearing. CONCLUSIONS: Although the review was more resource intensive compared to narrative studies, the system allows an increased level of transparency and the ability to investigate patterns and trends. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: This paper provides the first evidence-based ranking of the major sources and contributing factors for Campylobacter presence in broilers in GB using a systematic review. 相似文献
57.
Escherichia coli serogroup O26--a new look at an old adversary 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Escherichia coli serogroup O26 played an important part in the early work on Verocytotoxin and is an established diarrhoeal pathogen. Recently, Verocytotoxigenic E. coli (VTEC) O26 has been increasingly associated with diarrhoeal disease and frequently linked to outbreaks and cases of haemolytic uraemic syndrome (HUS). This review investigates the pathogenicity, geographical distribution, changing epidemiology, routes of transmission and improved detection of VTEC O26. Laboratory data on VTEC O26 isolates and clinical data on HUS suggest a true difference in the incidence of VTEC O26 in different geographic locations. However, few diagnostic laboratories use molecular methods to detect VTEC and so it is difficult to assess the role of VTEC O26 in causing diarrhoeal disease. VTEC O26 is frequently found in the cattle population but rarely in food. However, the small number of outbreaks analysed to date are thought to be food-borne rather than associated with direct or indirect contact with livestock or their faeces. The increase in awareness of VTEC O26 in the clinical and veterinary setting has coincided with the development of novel techniques that have improved our ability to detect and characterize this pathogen. 相似文献
58.
Kanako Ishihara Mieko Saito Natsumi Shimokubo Yasukazu Muramatsu Shigeki Maetani Yutaka Tamura 《Microbiology and immunology》2014,58(3):149-154
To explore the prevalence and molecular characteristics of methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in veterinary medical practices, MRSA carriage was tested among 96 veterinarians (Vets), 70 veterinary technicians (VTs) and 292 dogs with which they had contact at 71 private veterinary clinics (VCs) in Hokkaido, Japan. MRSA isolates were obtained from 22 Vets [22.9%] and 7 VTs [10%]. The prevalence of MRSA among Vets was as high as that found in an academic veterinary hospital in our previous study. In contrast, only two blood donor dogs and one dog with liver disease (1.0%, 3/292) yielded MRSA. All MRSA‐positive dogs were reared or treated in different VCs, in each of which at least one veterinary staff member carrying MRSA worked. Sequence types (ST) identified by multilocus sequence typing, spa types, and SCCmec types for canine MRSA isolates (ST5‐spa t002‐SCCmec II [from two dogs] or ST30‐spa t021‐SCCmec IV [from a dog]) were concordant with those from veterinary staff members in the same clinics as the MRSA‐positive dogs, with which they had potentially had contact. Most MRSA isolates from veterinary staff were the same genotype (SCCmec type II and spa type t002) as a major hospital‐acquired MRSA clone in Japan. The remaining MRSA was the same genotypes as domestic and foreign community‐associated MRSA. Measures against MRSA infection should be provided in private VCs. 相似文献
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