辽宁省食用菌发展现状及产业化发展方向浅析

综述辽宁省食用菌近30a的发展历程,展示品种选育、栽培模式、药用菌开发、加工及副产物利用的产业现状,根据辽宁省食用菌产业不断发展的需求,充分合理利用自然资源、开展自主品种选育、创新栽培技术以及功能拓展、科技平台建设等产业化发展方向进行浅析。     

Exploring lake ecosystems: hierarchy responses to long‐term change?

Shifts in climate regime have provoked substantial trophic‐ and species‐dependent changes within ecosystems. With growing concerns of present global warming, we examined potential lake ecosystem responses, natural hierarchy responses (i.e. immediate responses at lower system levels as opposed to delayed responses at higher system levels), and possible shifts among abiotic (physics, nutrients) and biotic (phytoplankton, zooplankton) system components. Specifically, we analyzed decadal data collected from Müggelsee, a lake in Berlin, Germany, for climate‐induced abiotic and biotic changes, their timing and type, and classified them as abrupt permanent, gradual permanent, abrupt temporary, or monotonic. We further categorized variable changes as a function of system hierarchy, including lake physics (ice, temperature, stratification), nutrients (phosphorus, nitrogen, silicate), plankton, and levels of integration (i.e. species, taxonomic groups, and total plankton). Contrary to current theory, data suggest abrupt responses did not occur in a hierarchy‐dependent manner, nor was a clear pattern observed among functional system‐based categories. Abrupt permanent changes were the most prominent response pattern observed, suggesting they may be driven by large‐scale climatic oscillations and by surpassed thresholds, as noted in previous case studies. Gradual changes coincided with affected abiotic parameters spanning an expansive time range; for example, climatic effects in spring preceded changes in nutrient limitation. Variables displaying no long‐term changes pointed to compensation processes caused by, e.g., simultaneously acting forces of warming trends and climate‐independent changes in trophic state. Nevertheless, the complexity of response patterns at the single system level manifested clear chronological regime shifts in abiotic and biotic parameters in spring and, to a lesser extent, in summer. With regard to projected global warming, the majority of currently unaffected system levels may face impending thermal thresholds, achievement of which would result in an accelerated shift in ecosystem state.     

Evolutionary history and distance dependence control survival of dipterocarp seedlings

One important hypothesis to explain tree-species coexistence in tropical forests suggests that increased attack by natural enemies near conspecific trees gives locally rare species a competitive advantage. Host ranges of natural enemies generally encompass several closely related plant taxa suggesting that seedlings should also do poorly around adults of closely related species. We investigated the effects of adult Parashorea malaanonan on seedling survival in a Bornean rain forest. Survival of P. malaanonan seedlings was highest at intermediate distances from parent trees while heterospecific seedlings were unaffected by distance. Leaf herbivores did not drive this relationship. Survival of seedlings was lowest for P. malaanonan , and increased with phylogenetic dissimilarity from this species, suggesting that survival of close relatives of common species is reduced. This study suggests that distance dependence contributes to species coexistence and highlights the need for further investigation into the role of shared plant enemies in community dynamics.
Ecology Letters (2010) 13: 51–59     

生态足迹方法及研究进展

本文介绍了生态足迹的计算方法,回顾了国内外的研究进展,重点介绍了生态足迹计算中能源足迹算法的研究进展。目前,国外对生态足迹的研究集中在对长时间序列计算分析和计算方法的改进上,提出了改进的生态足迹方法“实际土地需求”法;国内研究还多限于生态足迹实例计算分析。探讨了生态足迹方法的优缺点,同时就生态足迹今后的研究重点提出一些看法和展望。     

黄土高原泾河流域长时间序列的归一化植被指数动态变化及其驱动因素分析

泾河流域土地开发历史悠久, 是黄土高原水土流失的典型区域。研究气候变化和人类活动影响下泾河流域的植被覆盖变化及其原因, 对黄土高原的植被恢复、水土保持和景观管理等都具有重要意义。该研究应用GIMMS归一化植被指数NDVI、土地覆盖分类数据和气候数据, 采用趋势分析和相关分析方法, 研究了泾河流域1982-2005年植被覆盖变化趋势及其驱动因素。研究表明: 泾河流域24年间79.64%的区域NDVI无显著变化趋势, NDVI趋势显著增加的区域占16.33%, 主要集中在流域中部和南部, NDVI趋势显著减小的区域占4.03%, 主要集中在流域北部。流域所有气象站点的降水量均无显著变化趋势, 气温均呈显著升高趋势。分析发现气候变化不能很好地解释NDVI趋势的空间分异, 人为因素更为重要。从土地利用分析结果来看, NDVI不同趋势下各土地利用类型比例无明显变化, 但NDVI显著增加区以耕地为主, 显著减小区以草地为主, 由此推断NDVI的显著增加趋势主要由耕地NDVI增加引起, 显著减小趋势可能与林地减少和草地退化有关。通过分析不同分区的土地利用数据和社会经济资料, 着重探讨了造成植被覆盖显著变化趋势的人为因素。     

Discovery of androecium color polymorphism in Epimedium pubescens with habitat preference of anther/pollen color in the genus

Aims Interspecific and intraspecific variation in flower color in natural populations provides an opportunity for us to understand the evolution and maintenance of diversity of floral traits. Compared to corolla color, little is known about the color polymorphism of sexual organs in flowering plants. To explore evolutionary transitions of androecium color and polymorphism within species, interspecific and intraspecific variation in androecium (anther and pollen) color in the genus Epimedium (Berberidaceae) was investigated.Methods To explore the geographical patterns of anther/pollen color variation in Epimedium species, data of 45 species were collected and their phylogeny was constructed based on available DNA sequences. To investigate whether intraspecific variation in androecium color relates to habitat preference, three environmental factors were measured in the field population of Epimedium pubescens in northeastern Sichuan, China, which plants had green or yellow androecia. Vegetative and reproductive traits of this species were compared between the two color morphs.Important findings Androecium (anther and pollen) color polymorphism in field populations of Epimedium pubescens is reported here where nine populations are monomorphic with a green androecium but three populations are dimorphic with individuals having either a green or a yellow androecium. Inflorescence stalk height, stalk diameter, leaf number, flower number and spur length (as well as spur and nectar volume) were not significantly different between two morphs. Compared to the yellow morph, the green morph had relatively larger leaves and anthers, but smaller sepals. The green morph produced more pollen and larger seeds, but the same number of ovules. Seed set was not significantly different between green and yellow morph. Investigations of environmental factors in the color dimorphic populations of E. pubescens indicated that the green morph was more likely to occur in habitats with relatively lower light intensity. The distribution survey of 45 Epimedium species showed that species with a green androecium tended to appear at lower elevations. Comparative phylogenetic analysis showed that transitions from yellow to a green androecium or to androecial color dimorphism occurred at least seven times. This genus, characterized by anther color diversity and containing some species with anther color polymorphism, provides a model system in which to study the evolution and maintenance of colorful sexual organs in flowering plants.     

Mapping gains and losses in woody vegetation across global tropical drylands

Woody vegetation in global tropical drylands is of significant importance for both the interannual variability of the carbon cycle and local livelihoods. Satellite observations over the past decades provide a unique way to assess the vegetation long‐term dynamics across biomes worldwide. Yet, the actual changes in the woody vegetation are always hidden by interannual fluctuations of the leaf density, because the most widely used remote sensing data are primarily related to the photosynthetically active vegetation components. Here, we quantify the temporal trends of the nonphotosynthetic woody components (i.e., stems and branches) in global tropical drylands during 2000–2012 using the vegetation optical depth (VOD), retrieved from passive microwave observations. This is achieved by a novel method focusing on the dry season period to minimize the influence of herbaceous vegetation and using MODerate resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) data to remove the interannual fluctuations of the woody leaf component. We revealed significant trends (P < 0.05) in the woody component (VOD_wood) in 35% of the areas characterized by a nonsignificant trend in the leaf component (VOD_leaf modeled from NDVI), indicating pronounced gradual growth/decline in woody vegetation not captured by traditional assessments. The method is validated using a unique record of ground measurements from the semiarid Sahel and shows a strong agreement between changes in VOD_wood and changes in ground observed woody cover (r² = 0.78). Reliability of the obtained woody component trends is also supported by a review of relevant literatures for eight hot spot regions of change. The proposed approach is expected to contribute to an improved assessment of, for example, changes in dryland carbon pools.     

球囊菌胁迫中华蜜蜂幼虫肠道过程中病原的转录组学研究

【目的】本研究利用RNA-seq技术对球囊菌胁迫的中华蜜蜂(中蜂)幼虫肠道进行深度测序,经趋势分析得到差异表达基因(DEGs)的显著表达模式,进而对胁迫过程中的球囊菌进行转录组学分析。【方法】利用Illumina HiSeq 2500平台对球囊菌胁迫的中蜂幼虫肠道进行深度测序,并利用相关软件进行了深入分析。最后,通过RT-qPCR对RNA-seq数据进行了验证。【结果】本研究共得到球囊菌的41133932条高质量clean reads。22865个DEGs共聚类为8个基因表达模式,其中,16769个DEGs聚类为2个显著上调趋势与2个显著下调趋势。GO富集分析结果显示,显著上调与显著下调趋势中的DEGs分别富集于40与37个GO term,基因富集数最多的为细胞进程(2486 unigenes)。KEGG代谢通路(pathway)富集分析结果显示,显著上调与显著下调趋势中的DEGs分别富集于119和112个pathway,基因富集数最多的分别是氨基酸生物合成(127 unigenes)与核糖体(98 unigenes)。进一步分析表明球囊菌在胁迫中蜂幼虫肠道的过程中通过提高物质合成促进其增殖,而宿主通过抑制球囊菌的蛋白合成抵御病原入侵。富集在MAPK信号通路的11个DEGs的表达水平随着胁迫时间的延长而逐渐下降,推测中蜂幼虫通过抑制该通路而阻遏球囊菌增殖。【结论】本研究不仅为揭示白垩病过程中的球囊菌-中蜂幼虫互作提供了重要信息,也为阐明不同抗性蜂种的球囊菌抗性差异奠定了基础。     

气候变化背景下中国农业气候资源变化Ⅳ.黄淮海平原半湿润暖温麦-玉两熟灌溉农区农业气候资源时空变化特征

基于中国黄淮海平原半湿润暖温麦-玉两熟灌溉农区66个气象台站1961-2007年的气候资料,比较分析了该区域内1961-1980年和1981-2007年2个时段喜凉作物和喜温作物温度生长期长度以及温度生长期内的活动积温、日照时数、降水量、参考作物蒸散量和干燥度等农业气候资源的时空变化特征.结果表明： 随着气候变暖,与1961-1980年的平均状况相比,1981-2007年研究区域喜凉作物和喜温作物温度生长期均呈延长趋势,分别延长了7.4和6.9 d;≥0 ℃和≥10 ℃积温总体表现为增加趋势,其气候倾向率分别为4.0～137.0和1.0～142.0 ℃·d·(10 a)^-1;喜凉作物和喜温作物温度生长期日照时数均呈显著下降趋势;全区仅安徽省北部和河南省东南部喜凉作物和喜温作物温度生长期内降水量呈增加趋势,其他地区均呈减少趋势,且以河北省、山东省北部的减幅最明显;全区大部分区域喜凉作物和喜温作物温度生长期内参考作物蒸散量呈下降趋势,干燥度呈增加趋势.     

2000—2012年京津风沙源治理区植被覆盖时空演变特征

植被是陆地生态系统的主体,分析长时期植被覆盖变化,有助于揭示陆地生态环境的演变规律。研究以京津风沙源重点治理区的MODIS02B产品为数据源,通过数据处理获得2000—2012年的NDVI(Normalized difference vegetation index)时序数据集,采用线性趋势分析、标准差、Hurst指数和相关系数等方法,分析京津风沙源重点治理区植被覆盖的时空变化特征及影响因子。结果显示:(1)近13年来,治理区植被覆盖总体呈上升趋势(R2=0.70),2012年NDVI值达最大值0.324,比2000年增加了135.62%。但增加速率和幅度各异:北部干旱区(Bbghq)增加速度最快,浑善达克区(Hsdkq)次之,农牧交错区(Nmjcq)植被变化相对稳定。(2)工程区地表植被覆盖改善区域的面积明显大于退化区域,其中得到改善且通过显著性检验(P=0.10)的区域约占总面积的94.31%;Hurst指数分析表明,工程区植被变化整体呈中强持续性特征,面积合计约占64.48%;综合分析表明,工程区植被变化以良性发展为主,特别是强持续性的退化区和弱持续性的改善区值得关注,二者合计占35.27%。(3)人类活动是京津风沙地区植被覆盖上升的重要驱动因素;自然因素中,降水是控制工程区植被生长的主要因子,温度的影响相对较弱。