Characterization of alditol oxidase from Streptomyces coelicolor and its application in the production of rare sugars

A synthetic platform for the cascade synthesis of rare sugars using Escherichia coli whole cells was established. In the cascade, the donor substrate dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP) was generated from glycerol by glycerol kinase (GK) and glycerol phosphate oxidase (GPO). The acceptor d-glyceraldehyde was directly produced from glycerol by an alditol oxidase. Then, the aldol reaction between DHAP and d-glyceraldehyde was performed by l-rhamnulose-1-phosphate aldolase (RhaD) to generate the corresponding sugar-1-phosphate. Finally, the phosphate group was removed by fructose-1-phosphatase (YqaB) to obtain the rare sugars d-sorbose and d-psicose. To accomplish this goal, the alditol oxidase from Streptomyces coelicolor (AldO_S.coe) was expressed in E. coli and the purified AldO_S.coe was characterized. Furthermore, a recombinant E. coli strain overexpressing six enzymes including AldO_S.coe was constructed. Under the optimized conditions, it produced 7.9 g/L of d-sorbose and d-psicose with a total conversion rate of 17.7% from glycerol. This study provides a useful and cost-effective method for the synthesis of rare sugars.     

Single-cell oil production by Mortierella isabellina DSM 1414 using different sugars as carbon source

Pure carbon sources, especially carbohydrates which are raw materials deriving from agro-industrial processes, are often used for small-scale single-cell oil production by fermentation. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of different pure carbon sources on cell growth, lipid accumulation, and γ-linolenic acid (GLA) production by the filamentous fungus Mortierella isabellina DSM 1414 (Deutsche Sammlung von Mikroorganismen). The sugars utilized in this study are found extensively and abundantly in nature, especially in food raw materials and, in consequence, in agro-food industry wastes or surpluses. Thus, the potential of many waste materials containing these sugars to be used in the production of single-cell oil by fermentation could also be evaluated. The effects of the sugars utilized on cell growth, biomass production, and lipid production were investigated. Fatty acids were also analysed in the lipids produced at the end of the fermentations. Results showed that the maximum biomass production was 10.80 g/L in lactose-based media, while the maximum oil production was 5.44 g/L in maltose-based media. Oleic (20.42%–42.94%), palmitic (14.96%–22.19%), and stearic (9.00%–26.92%) acids were the major fatty acids along with linoleic acid (11.35%–18.67%) and GLA (3.56%–8.04%). The production of GLA as the target fatty acid was remarkable. This study indicates that agro-industrial waste including most of the sugars utilized (except for arabinose and sucrose with lipid production of 0.81 and 0.28 g/L, respectively) can be employed for production of single-cell oil by M. isabellina DSM 1414 which contains a high amount of GLA.     

三江平原湿地开垦对土壤氨基糖积累特征的影响

微生物残体在土壤有机质的形成和稳定过程中发挥着重要作用,但湿地开垦对土壤微生物残体积累特征的影响尚不清楚。本研究以三江平原小叶章湿地为对象,采集原始自然湿地和开垦改种豆科作物后不同耕作年限(5年、10年和25年)的土壤,以氨基糖为微生物残体的标识物,探讨湿地开垦对土壤微生物残体积累特征的影响。结果表明: 自然湿地开垦为农田后显著降低了土壤中氨基糖的含量,且随着开垦年限的增加,氨基糖的损失比例也增加。与自然湿地相比,开垦25年后土壤中的氨基葡萄糖、氨基半乳糖和胞壁酸含量分别下降38.0%、38.1%和35.9%,且在开垦最初5年中细菌来源的胞壁酸下降速率(25.8%)远高于真菌来源的氨基葡萄糖(14.9%),说明短期内湿地开垦对细菌的影响较真菌更加迅速。湿地开垦为农田5、15和25年后,土壤氨基糖总量分别下降21.1%、34.0%和38.0%;同时,氨基糖总量占土壤有机质的比例也受到湿地开垦的显著影响,由自然湿地中的4.8%降至开垦25年后的4.4%。这说明长期湿地开垦加速了土壤有机质中微生物来源有机组分的分解转化,进而改变土壤有机质的组成。这些变化将影响湿地生态系统中土壤有机质的长期稳定和功能演变。     

SGLT2抑制剂对2型糖尿病患者血糖、血尿酸水平及心脏功能的影响

摘要 目的：研究SGLT2抑制剂对2型糖尿病患者血糖、血尿酸水平及心脏功能的影响。方法：选取我院2019年1月~2020年6月收治的2型糖尿病合并稳定性心功能不全患者106例为研究对象,采用随机数字表法将患者分为两组,所有患者均给予2型糖尿病饮食控制治疗方案,并给予心功能不全对症药物治疗。对照组患者在此基础上给予二甲双胍,观察组在对照组的基础上给予SGLT2抑制剂达格列净。比较两组患者的血糖、血尿酸（uric acid,UA）、血清脑钠肽(brainnatriureticpeptide,BNP)水平、心脏功能及生活质量。结果：治疗前两组的餐后2 h血糖（2- hour postprandial glucose,2 h PBG）、空腹血糖（fasting blood glucose,FBG）及糖化血红蛋白（glycosylated hemoglobin,HbAIc）水平比较无差异（P＞0.05）,治疗后两组的上述指标均显著降低,且观察组显著低于对照组（P<0.05）;治疗前两组的UA和BNP水平比较无差异（P＞0.05）,治疗后两组的上述指标均显著降低,且观察组显著低于对照组（P<0.05）;治疗前两组的左室射血分数（left ventricular ejection fraction,LVEF）和左室舒张末期内径（left ventricular end diastolic diameter,LVEDD）水平比较无差异（P＞0.05）,治疗后观察组的LVEF水平显著升高,LVEDD水平显著降低（P<0.05）,但对照组治疗前后比较无差异（P＞0.05）;治疗前两组的SF-36健康调查量表(the SF-36 Health Survey,SF-36)评分比较无差异（P＞0.05）,治疗后两组的SF-36评分均显著上升,且观察组显著高于对照组（P<0.05）,两组的不良反应发生率比较无统计学差异（P＞0.05）。结论：达格列净可显著改善2型糖尿病合并稳定性心功能不全患者的血糖、血尿酸水平,还能够改善患者的心脏功能,值得临床借鉴。     

落叶松不同根序细根可溶性糖和淀粉浓度的差异和季节动态

非结构性碳水化合物是植物光合作用与生长利用之间主要的中间贮存物,在植物的生长和代谢过程中起着十分重要的作用。为了揭示落叶松(Larix gmelinii)根系根序间非结构性碳水化合物的分配及季节变化规律,探讨根系内可溶性糖和淀粉间的关系。本研究以落叶松根系为研究材料,在5~10月采集根系样品,采用根序法将细根分为1、2、3、4和5级,采用苯酚—浓硫酸方法和酶解法分别测定可溶性糖和淀粉浓度。结果表明:可溶性糖浓度在根序、月份及其交互差异性显著(P<0.001),1~5级根可溶性糖浓度的变化范围分别为4.42%~14.90%,4.35%~16.40%,5.67%~19.70%,5.91%~33.10%,6.95%~37.80%,不同根序可溶性糖浓度最大值均出现在7月。根序间淀粉浓度差异性不显著(P>0.05),月份间根系淀粉浓度差异显著(P<0.001),变化范围为23.36%~48.65%;淀粉浓度5~7月下降,随后上升,从8月份达到峰值,10月与5月差异不显著。研究结果可为阐明落叶松根系碳水化合物代谢和生长适应对策提供数据基础,对理解植物细根系统内部结构及功能异质性提供数据支撑。     

北京市珍珠泉乡不同昆虫采集方法采集效果对比分析

为了探究科研调查中不同昆虫采集方法的采集效率差异,在北京珍珠泉乡不同的生境类型中,采用样线法、马氏网法、灯诱法、陷阱法(糖醋液)4种采集方法进行昆虫采集,按生境类型对不同采集方法采集的昆虫进行统计分析.在实验中共采集昆虫3996头,隶属12目87科,其中在昆虫种类数量上,鳞翅目最多,其次是半翅目和鞘翅目;在数量上,半翅目昆虫数量最多,依次是双翅目和鳞翅目.样线法共采集到昆虫61科72种、灯诱法共采集到45科95种、马氏网法共采集到39科41种、陷阱法共采集到14科25种.在调查中,不同方法在不同生境采集昆虫种类数多存在显著差异(P<0.05).不同的采集方式间除马氏网和样线法采集昆虫的种类相似度为中等不相似(q=0.436),其他方法间均为极不相似.采用不同的采集方式可以采集到更多的昆虫种类.马氏网法是最优选的采集方式,马氏网采集昆虫最方便,节省人力;样线法采集的效果最稳定;灯诱法的采集效果好,但是应用较为复杂;糖醋液陷阱法采集昆虫效率对比其他三种方法,既不能采集到大量昆虫也没有采集到特定种昆虫,如无特别需求可以考虑减少或者放弃使用.     

红糖加工型甘蔗种质资源评价与筛选方法的建立

优良的甘蔗原料是生产高品质红糖的基础,筛选营养价值丰富的甘蔗种质资源,是选育红糖加工型甘蔗品种的基础。本研究以全国广泛种植、当前普遍用于红糖加工以及历史上较早应用于制作红糖等具有代表性的16份甘蔗种质为试验材料,通过分析蔗汁的蛋白质、总游离氨基酸、总多酚、蔗糖、还原糖、灰分、氯化物、胶体含量等营养、品质指标,采用因子分析、聚类分析、灰色多维综合评估等方法,建立了红糖加工型甘蔗种质资源评价与筛选方法,对16份甘蔗种质的营养价值综合评价得分进行排序。试验结果显示:不同参试甘蔗种质营养及品质指标间存在显著差异,选三、闽糖69-421、ROC22所含蛋白质、氨基酸的均值在所有材料中位居前列,灰分含量适中,可作为红糖加工型甘蔗种质进行应用;兼顾红糖生产需求和甘蔗营养成分含量,综合评价排序前5的种质依次为选三、闽糖69-421、云蔗05-51、ROC22和川糖61-408,是红糖加工型甘蔗种质的首选材料。     

晋西黄土区典型乔灌木短期水分利用效率对环境因子的响应

为明确晋西黄土区植物的水分利用规律及对半干旱区的适应策略, 提高黄土地区植被建设效益, 该研究对该地区典型乔灌木短期水分利用效率随环境因子的变化进行了探究。以典型乔木油松(Pinus tabuliformis)、刺槐(Robinia pseudoacacia)及其林下灌木黄刺玫(Rosa xanthina)、杠柳(Periploca sepium)为研究对象, 测定叶片可溶性糖稳定碳同位素比值(δ¹³C_leaf)与枝条渗出液稳定碳同位素比值(δ¹³C_branch), 使用δ¹³C_leaf推导计算7-10月叶片尺度下植物短期水分利用效率(WUE_leaf)变化趋势, 使用δ¹³C_branch明确植物光合作用后分馏情况, 确定半干旱区植物在生长季的水分变化规律对环境因子变化的响应。结果表明: (1) 7-10月4种植物δ¹³C_leaf总体呈现降低趋势, δ¹³C_branch呈现先升高后降低趋势。δ¹³C_leaf在种间和生活型中均存在差异。具体表现为: 灌木>乔木, 常绿乔木(油松) >落叶乔木(刺槐)。研究过程中未发现明显的碳同位素在光合作用后发生分馏的情况。(2) 4种植物WUE_leaf在7-8月保持稳定, 9-10月逐渐升高。21.5 ℃、0.9 kPa、52.4%分别为WUE_leaf随温度(T_a)、饱和水汽压差(VPD)、相对湿度(RH)变化的突变点, 突变点之后4种植物WUE_leaf均表现出稳定的变化趋势, 不再随T_a、VPD、RH升高而降低。(3) WUE_leaf与T_a、RH、VPD之间存在显著负相关关系, T_a通过非气孔因素, 即酶的作用改变光合速率, 引起WUE_leaf变化。RH、VPD等水分因子则通过改变气孔开度, 影响蒸腾, 进而改变WUE_leaf。随着土壤含水量(SWC)的升高, WUE_leaf呈现先升高后降低的趋势。油松林和刺槐林在SWC分别达到15%-18%、13%-14%时, WUE_leaf达到最高值。经过混合线性模型(LMM)分析得到, 油松和刺槐WUE_leaf主导环境因子分别为RH和VPD, 黄刺玫和杠柳WUE_leaf主导环境因子均为T_a。该研究得到了黄土地区典型乔灌木生长季水分利用效率变化的规律和主要环境影响因子, 明确了黄土地区植物对气候因子变化的适应机制。     

Nectar sugar composition of European Caryophylloideae (Caryophyllaceae) in relation to flower length,pollination biology and phylogeny

Floral nectar composition has been explained as an adaptation to factors that are either directly or indirectly related to pollinator attraction. However, it is often unclear whether the sugar composition is a direct adaptation to pollinator preferences. Firstly, the lower osmolality of sucrose solutions means that they evaporate more rapidly than hexose solutions, which might be one reason why sucrose‐rich nectar is typically found in flowers with long tubes (adapted to long‐tongued pollinators), where it is better protected from evaporation than in open or short‐tubed flowers. Secondly, it can be assumed that temperature‐dependent evaporation is generally lower during the night than during the day so that selection pressure to secrete nectar with high osmolality (i.e. hexose‐rich solutions) is relaxed for night‐active flowers pollinated at night. Thirdly, the breeding system may affect selection pressure on nectar traits; that is, for pollinator‐independent, self‐pollinated plants, a lower selective pressure on nectar traits can be assumed, leading to a higher variability of nectar sugar composition independent of pollinator preferences, nectar accessibility and nectar protection. To analyse the relations between flower tube length, day vs. night pollination and self‐pollination, the nectar sugar composition was investigated in 78 European Caryophylloideae (Caryophyllaceae) with different pollination modes (diurnal, nocturnal, self‐pollination) using high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). All Caryophylleae species (Dianthus and relatives) were found to have nectar with more than 50% sucrose, whereas the sugar composition of Sileneae species (Silene and relatives) ranged from 0% to 98.2%. In the genus Silene, a clear dichotomous distribution of sucrose‐ and hexose‐dominant nectars is evident. We found a positive correlation between the flower tube length and sucrose content in Caryophylloideae, particularly in day‐flowering species, using both conventional analyses and phylogenetically independent contrasts.     

On the release of fluoride from biofilm reservoirs during a cariogenic challenge: an in situ study

Abstract

Biofilm fluoride reservoirs may be a source of fluoride to the fluid phase during a sugar challenge reducing tooth mineral loss. However, the evidence for that is conflicting and has not been studied in biofilms containing different fluoride levels. In order to test fluoride release from biofilms with distinct fluoride concentrations, biofilms were grown in situ exposed to a combination of placebo, calcium and fluoride rinses forming biofilms with no (fluoride-free rinses), low (fluoride-only rinses) or high (calcium followed by fluoride rinses) fluoride concentrations, and collected before and 5?min after a sucrose challenge. Rinsing with fluoride increased fluoride concentration in the biofilm (p?<?0.05), mainly when a calcium pre-rinse was used before the fluoride (p?<?0.05). However, after a sugar challenge, no significant increase in the biofilm fluid fluoride concentration was observed, even in the fluoride-rich biofilms (p?>?0.05). Fluoride-rich biofilms do not release fluoride to the fluid phase during a sugar challenge.