紫堇属（Corydalis DC.）植物的种子形态及其分类学意义

在光学显微镜下研究了湖北产紫堇属（Corydalis DC.）15种及2变型的种子形态特征。结果表明,其种子小,近圆形、扁圆形或肾形,黑色或深棕色,具油质体。油质体帽状、扇形、条形或不规则,紧贴种子表面或分离。根据种子表面形态,种子可分为4种类型：（1）表面光滑,如大叶紫堇（C.temulifolia Franch.）、川东紫堇（C.acu-minata Franch.）、巴东紫堇（C.hemsleyana Franch.ex Prain）、北岭黄堇（C.fargesii Franch.）、鄂西黄堇（C.shennongensis H.Chuang）和小药八旦子（C.caudata（Lam.）Pers.）;（2）表面具刺或疣状突起,如阜平黄堇（C.wilfordii Regel）、小花黄堇（C.racemosa（Thunb.）Pers.）、地锦苗（C.sheareri S.Moore）和珠芽地锦苗（C.sheareri S.Moore f.bulbillifera Hand.-Mazz.）;（3）表面具凹点状印痕,如刻叶紫堇（C.incisa（Thunb.）Pers.）、紫堇（C.edulis Maxim.）、地柏枝（C.cheilanthifolia Hemsl.）、蛇果黄堇（C.ophiocarpa Hook.f.et Thoms.）、北越紫堇（C.balansae Prain）和延胡索（C.yanhusuo（Y.H.Chou et C.C.Hsu）W.T.Wang ex Z.Y.Su et C.Y.Wu）;（4）表面具凹点状印痕,并被有疣状突起,如伏生紫堇（C.decumbens（Thunb.）Pers.）。种子大小、形状和表面形态以及油质体形态在种内相对稳定,对一些物种的划分具有较重要的意义。     

假瘤蕨属 (水龙骨科) 植物叶表皮特征的比较研究

在光镜和扫描电镜下观察了假瘤蕨属2系、5亚系的24种植物的叶表皮。结果表明,叶表皮细胞形状不规则,垂周壁波曲状。下生气孔,气孔类型有极细胞型、共环极细胞型、腋下细胞型、聚腋下细胞型和不规则型,常伴生出现。在扫描电镜下,叶表皮气孔器外拱盖内缘为浅波状、少平滑;一些种的保卫细胞两端有“T”型加厚;角质膜波状有条纹,有时附有颗粒。叶表皮的一些特征对该属部分种的区分有一定的参考价值。叶表皮的微形态特征,如气孔器类型和垂周壁类型特征不能用来界定假瘤蕨属的系和亚系。     

Tutorial: using confidence curves in medical research

Confidence intervals represent a routinely used standard method to document the uncertainty of estimated effects. In most cases, for the calculation of confidence intervals the conventional fixed 95% confidence level is used. Confidence curves represent a graphical illustration of confidence intervals for confidence levels varying between 0 and 100%. Although such graphs have been repeatedly proposed under different names during the last 40 years, confidence curves are rarely used in medical research. In this paper, we introduce confidence curves and present a short historical review. We draw attention to the different interpretation of one- and two-sided statistical inference. It is shown that these two options also have influence on the plotting of appropriate confidence curves. We illustrate the use of one- and two-sided confidence curves and explain their correct interpretation. In medical research more emphasis on the choice between the one- and two-sided approaches should be given. One- and two-sided confidence curves are useful complements to the conventional methods of presenting study results.     

跳甲属昆虫的食性及其生物学意义

跳甲属昆虫广布全世界,已知300多种,体色近似,外形差异不大,分类鉴定十分困难。但其中许多种类具特殊的食性特征,其寄主植物常是分类鉴定的向导和重要参考。作者分析了已知有寄主记录的59种跳甲的寄主,并根据其寄主范围划分为5种类型:取食多科、2科、1科多属、1科2属及1科1属,而以1科1属型为最多,占67.8%。至目前所知,其寄主范围限于双子叶植物,跳甲和寄主植物之间的对应关系是跳甲的“种”对植物的“属”。值得特别关注的是寄主植物的“种”与跳甲“亚种”之间的分化关系。成虫的取食范围大于幼虫,幼虫保持原始的取食特征。跳甲的同域物种分化可能通过食性转化而进行,食性转化可能先从成虫开始。成幼食性观察是研究寄主转移的关键。     

内蒙古早三叠世的Scalaroxylon及其演化意义

描述产于内蒙古下三叠统老龙头组木化石梯纹木属的一个新种ScalaroxylonjalaidqienseZhangetZhengsp.nov.及一个新联合种S.multiforium(ZhengetZhang)ZhangetZhengcomb.nov.。Scalaroxylon原产于德国上三叠统考依波层,当前报道的产自内蒙古的新材料是该类型化石在中国的首次发现。该属以次生木质部为代表,生长轮不存在,它的主要特征是管胞径向壁纹孔全为梯纹纹孔;木射线1至多列,异形;射线细胞的水平壁无孔,端壁通常具孔,弦向壁多数具孔。根据次生木质部管胞的纹孔类型和木射线构造特征对该属在植物系统演化上的意义进行了初步探讨,认为它代表了种子蕨类到苏铁类之间的中间环节。     

国产润楠属植物的叶表皮特征及其系统学意义

对45种国产润楠属(Machilus Nees)植物的叶表皮进行光学显微镜和扫描电镜观察,其中31种为首次报道.结果表明:润楠属植物叶表皮细胞形状为多边形或不规则形,气孔复合体均为平列型且仅分布在下表皮;上下表皮细胞的垂周壁式样有5种类型:平直、圆滑、浅波、波状、平直-弓形;下表皮毛被有(稀疏、密集或非常密集)或无;上表皮平周壁纹饰类型有:点状、平滑、条纹(或波浪条纹);下表皮内面平周壁纹饰类型有:不规则、平滑、粗糙网状、微毛状、颗粒状、鳞片状.这些特征在本属种间存在较显著的差异,可作为区分种类的辅助特征和种间亲缘关系,因而对润楠属植物的分类学研究和亲缘关系的确定有较大意义.     

应激颗粒的形成与生物学意义

真核细胞对外界压力刺激会做出一系列应答反应,如暂停蛋白质翻译系统,从而使细胞能更好地适应环境压力。通过应激颗粒（stress granules,SG）的形成包裹未被翻译的mRNA是该适应性调节的重要方式。研究表明,环境压力导致eIF2α上游激酶的激活从而磷酸化eIF2α,翻译起始受阻,随后,TIA-1、TTP等蛋白迅速与mRNP结合聚集成SG,并在微管蛋白的帮助下进一步向细胞核聚集,形成成熟的SG。当压力消失,SG依赖微管及其动力蛋白进行解聚,释放包裹的mRNA及蛋白。细胞内成熟的SG在转录后调节中发挥重要作用,并且通过其组成蛋白在肿瘤凋亡、病毒侵染、免疫、炎症反应及由蛋白错误折叠引起的疾病中发挥作用。该文首次综述了压力颗粒研究进展,为充分认识SG的病理生理性调节功能提供参考。     

石竹属植物叶表皮特征及其系统学意义

用光学显微镜和扫描电镜,对石竹属12个种的植物叶表皮特征进行观察,统计并测量叶表皮气孔大小、气孔密度及气孔指数。结果表明,石竹属植物叶表皮细胞形态(表面观)为长方形和不规则多边形。乳突只存在于针叶石竹、高石竹和细茎石竹中。按气孔形状可将其分为了3个类型:椭圆形、卵圆形和长方形。研究结果对石竹属的系统分类和种间亲缘关系研究具有一定的参考价值。     

锯天牛亚科雌性生殖器比较形态学研究(鞘翅目,天牛科)

比较研究了锯天牛亚科4族10属20种(亚种)的雌性生殖器特征。研究结果表明:雌性生殖器特征在锯天牛亚科族级、属级和种级均具有分类学意义。此研究对传统外部形态分类特征进行了补充。     

Knowledge and Use Value of Plant Species in a Rarámuri Community: A Gender Perspective for Conservation

We used a quantitative ethnobotanical approach to analyze factors influencing the use value of plant species among men and women of the Rarámuri people in Cuiteco, Chihuahua, Mexico. We constructed a use value index (UV) combining the use frequency (U) and the quality perception (Q) of useful plant species by local people. We identified all plant species used by the Rarámuri and classified them into 14 general use categories. We interviewed 34 households in the village to compare men and women’s knowledge on the five main general use categories (and on their respective subcategories and specific uses), to document how they practice gathering activities and to calculate scores of plants UV. A total of 226 useful plant species were identified, but only 12% of them had high UV scores for the 42 specific uses defined. When the overall knowledge of plant species was examined, no significant differences were detected between men and women, but significant differences were identified in general use categories such as medicinal plants, plants for construction and domestic goods, but not in plants used as food and firewood. We identified a division of labor in gathering activities associated with gender, with women mainly gathering medicinal and edible plants and being involved in preparing medicines and food, whereas men were primarily gathering and using plants for manufacturing domestic goods, firewood, and building materials. Plant species UV associated to gender were significantly different between men and women at the level of specific uses in the general category of domestic goods and building. Frequency of use is highly associated with plant species quality perception.