Spatial distribution of sand fly species (Psychodidae: Phlebtominae), ecological niche,and climatic regionalization in zoonotic foci of cutaneous leishmaniasis,southwest of Iran

Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is a complex vector‐borne disease caused by Leishmania parasites that are transmitted by the bite of several species of infected female phlebotomine sand flies. Monthly factor analysis of climatic variables indicated fundamental variables. Principal component‐based regionalization was used for recognition of climatic zones using a clustering integrated method that identified five climatic zones based on factor analysis. To investigate spatial distribution of the sand fly species, the kriging method was used as an advanced geostatistical procedure in the ArcGIS modeling system that is beneficial to design measurement plans and to predict the transmission cycle in various regions of Khuzestan province, southwest of Iran. However, more than an 80% probability of P. papatasi was observed in rainy and temperate bio‐climatic zones with a high potential of CL transmission. Finding P. sergenti revealed the probability of transmission and distribution patterns of a non‐native vector of CL in related zones. These findings could be used as models indicating climatic zones and environmental variables connected to sand fly presence and vector distribution. Furthermore, this information is appropriate for future research efforts into the ecology of Phlebotomine sand flies and for the prevention of CL vector transmission as a public health priority.     

The use of the Shannon-Wiener diversity index to delineate the horizontal distribution of crustacean zooplankton communities in Lake Superior, 1973

The Shannon-Wiener diversity index was calculated for the total zooplankton community found in Lake Superior in 1973, as well as for its components (ie. Calanoida, Cyclopoida, Cladocera and nauplii). These values were then subjected to a model to develop statistically homogeneous zones, and to determine the temporal and spatial variability of the diversity values. A region roughly following the loo meter depth profile and having an average yearly temperature of 9.8°C was found to exist along the south and southwestern shores of Lake Superior. In this region significantly (P 0.10) higher diversity indices were found.     

小尺度农业生态区划研究——以三江平原八五三农场二分场为例

本文以三江平原八五三农场二分场为例,探讨了小尺度农业生态区划的方法。作者根据该分场的农业自然条件和特点,采用数量化方法Ⅰ筛选出土壤类型、土地潜在旱涝类型、白浆层厚度和地貌类型4个因子作为该分场衣业生态区划的指标因子,并根据筛选结果,确定了这4个因子的相对重要性顺序。将4个指标因子的专题图重迭,划分出区划的基本类型单元。根据第1重要的指标因子,将基本类型单元组合成农业生态地段。根据第2重要的指标因子,将地段划分成农业生态地块。根据第3和第4重要因子,进一步将地块划分成农业生态型。     

Comparison of 1980 Lake Huron,Georgian Bay - North Channel surveillance data with historical data

A statistical regionalization procedure was used to delineate significantly (p 0.10) different areas, for a variety of surveillance parameters measured in 1980 in Lake Huron and Georgian Bay-North Channel. The analyses performed were compared with similar analyses done on 1971 (Lake Huron) and 1974 (Georgian Bay-North Channel) data. The regions produced from the 1980 analyses compared favourably with the 1971 and 1974 analyses. Significant (p 0.01) increases in NO₃NO₂-N and RSiO₂ were observed for Lake Huron between the 1971 and 1980 data sets. Significant (p 0.01) increases in NO₃NO₂-N and significant (p 0.01) decreases in TP and chlorophyll a were observed for Georgian Bay-North Channel between the 1974 and 1980 data sets.     

中国中东部平原亚热带湿润区湖泊营养物生态分区

湖泊营养物生态分区是实现湖泊分区控制的前提和基础。以中国中东部平原亚热带湿润区为案例区,根据区域特点,从自然地理要素、生态系统和人类活动三方面建立指标体系,对各指标进行归一化得到各指标数据的分值;采用AHP方法确定各指标的权重值,结合各指标分值计算栅格尺度上湖泊营养物生态分区综合评价分值;根据研究区域DEM数据划分小流域,将栅格尺度的湖泊营养物生态分区综合评价分值投影到小流域尺度上,采用双约束空间聚类算法对小流域尺度上湖泊营养物生态分区评价分值进行聚类得到湖泊营养物生态分区结果。结果表明:(1)AHP可以用来确定复杂指标体系中各指标的权重,适合用于确定湖泊营养物生态分区指标体系中各指标的权重;(2)采用双约束空间聚类进行湖泊营养物生态分区,保证了分区结果在空间上的连续性和评价分值上的接近性;(3)根据自然地理条件、土地利用和人类活动强度的不同,可以将中东部平原亚热带湿润区划分为长江中下游平原湖区、湘赣平原丘陵湖区、湘渝山地湖区、四川盆地湖区、川西—大巴山山地湖区5个营养物生态区。     

Phytogeographical analysis of seed plant genera in China

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: A central goal of biogeography and ecology is to uncover and understand distributional patterns of organisms. China has long been a focus of attention because of its rich biota, especially with respect to plants. Using 290 floras from across China, this paper quantitatively characterizes the composition of floristic elements at multiple scales (i.e. national, provincial and local), and explores the extent to which climatic and geographical factors associated with each flora can jointly and independently explain the variation in floristic elements in local floras. METHODS: A study was made of 261 local floras, 28 province-level floras and one national-level flora across China. Genera of seed plants in each flora were assigned to 14 floristic elements according to their worldwide geographical distributions. The composition of floristic elements was related to climatic and geographical factors. KEY RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: Variations in percentages of cosmopolitan, tropical and temperate genera among local floras tend to be greater at higher latitudes than at lower latitudes. Latitude is strongly correlated with the proportions of 13 of the 14 floristic elements. Correlations of the proportions of floristic elements with longitude are much weaker than those with latitude. Climate represented by the first principal component of a principal component analysis was strongly correlated with the proportions of floristic elements in local floras (|r| = 0.75 +/- 0.18). Geographical coordinates independently explained about four times as much variation in floristic elements as did climate. Further research is necessary to examine the roles of water-energy dynamics, geology, soils, biotic interactions, and historical factors such as land connections between continents in the past and at present in creating observed floristic patterns.     

GIS支持下的中国西部公路建设生态影响区划

根据公路的线形景观结构及其对生态系统影响特征,构建了公路建设对生物多样性潜在影响指数(B),以及反映区域生态系统对公路建设扰动的抵抗能力和生态恢复难易程度的生态脆弱性指数(EV),运用GIS技术,以25km×25km的像元分别计算该两个指数的数值。以计算结果为依据,结合公路建设中造成的边坡侵蚀类型,完成了中国西部公路建设生态影响区划。该区划包括3个公路边坡侵蚀影响大区,10个生物多样性潜在影响区和32个生态易损性小区。西部公路建设生态影响区划的研究结果表明,西部地区今后公路建设中生态保护的重点内容具有明显区域差异,因而不同区域应采取的保护措施也应不尽相同。     

华北平原冬小麦干旱灾损风险区划

干旱是华北平原最严重的农业气象灾害之一,是冬小麦产量稳定上升的重要限制因素。本文从冬小麦产量的实际灾损角度,对减产率、发生概率及产量的变异系数等因子进行了分析,构建了华北平原冬小麦干旱产量灾损风险评估模型,并对华北平原冬小麦进行了实际灾损风险区划。结果表明,风险高值区约占该地区19.8%,主要分布于鲁西、鲁西北-冀东北,鲁西南-豫东地区;中值区约占34%,主要分布在冀中南、豫北、豫中和豫西以及山东中部丘陵地区;风险低值区占46.2%,主要集中于鲁中部、南部和豫中南、西南的广大地区。     

基于生态系统服务功能的中国北方草地及农牧交错带区划

以北方草地和农牧交错带草地类型区域分异为基础,重点考虑不同草地类型的生态系统服务功能,在综合分析了北方草地和农牧交错带生态环境基本特征的基础上,确定了草地生态功能区划的原则、依据、方法及命名,然后在"3S"技术的支持下,将北方草地和农牧交错带分为北方草原区、北方荒漠区和农牧交错区3个一级区及10个二级区,对各个功能区的区域范围、主要生态环境问题、主要的生态服务功能及为了功能区的保护与可持续发展而需要采取的措施都进行了详细论述。区划结果对认识北方草地与农牧交错带不同草地类型生态系统服务功能的重要价值,对草地资源的合理利用和农业生产的合理布局、对生态环境保护与建设规划及对维护区域生态安全、实现区域的可持续发展都具有重大意义。