Factors affecting incidence and severity of leaf spot disease on lettuce caused by Septoria birgitae

In the 1990s during wet seasons a new disease causing brown leaf spots on lettuce (Lactuca sativa) was found for the first time in many lettuce‐growing areas of Austria and Germany. The causal agent, a new pathogenic species called Septoria birgitae, may be responsible for total crop loss. To study how temperature, inoculum density and leaf wetness period influence disease incidence and severity of leaf spot on lettuce caused by S. birgitae, we carried out in vivo experiments in growth chambers and in the field. Additionally, we evaluated the relevance of infected plant debris acting as a primary inoculum source in soil for subsequent crops. S. birgitae produces spores over a wide temperature range between 5°C and 30°C, and can infect plants at temperatures between 10°C and 30°C, with an optimum between 20°C and 30°C. Spores of S. birgitae at a density of at least 10³ conidia mL^–1 are essential for disease outbreak on lettuce. Because leaf wetness is crucial for releasing conidia from pycnidia, we studied the impact of leaf wetness duration on disease development under various temperature conditions. For relevant leaf spot disease development on lettuce in vivo, a leaf wetness duration of at least 24 h and temperatures higher than 10°C were necessary. Leaf spot disease development in the field required several leaf wetness periods longer than 20 h at approximately 15°C at the beginning of crop cultivation. Incorporating S. birgitae infected plant debris in soil as a primary inoculum was not relevant for leaf spot disease outbreak in the next year. However, in cases of continuous cropping of lettuce on the same field and in the same season, Septoria‐infected lettuce debris may become more relevant.     

Spatial memory deficits in maternal iron deficiency paradigms are associated with altered glucocorticoid levels

"The goal of this study was to examine the effect of maternal iron deficiency on the developing hippocampus in order to define a developmental window for this effect, and to see whether iron deficiency causes changes in glucocorticoid levels. The study was carried out using pre-natal, post-natal, and pre + post-natal iron deficiency paradigm. Iron deficient pregnant dams and their pups displayed elevated corticosterone which, in turn, differentially affected glucocorticoid receptor (GR) expression in the CA1 and the dentate gyrus. Brain Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) was reduced in the hippocampi of pups following elevated corticosterone levels. Reduced neurogenesis at P7 was seen in pups born to iron deficient mothers, and these pups had reduced numbers of hippocampal pyramidal and granule cells as adults. Hippocampal subdivision volumes also were altered. The structural and molecular defects in the pups were correlated with radial arm maze performance; reference memory function was especially affected. Pups from dams that were iron deficient throughout pregnancy and lactation displayed the complete spectrum of defects, while pups from dams that were iron deficient only during pregnancy or during lactation displayed subsets of defects. These findings show that maternal iron deficiency is associated with altered levels of corticosterone and GR expression, and with spatial memory deficits in their pups."     

水培条件下营养元素对枳幼苗根毛发育及根生长的影响

以柑橘砧木枳实生苗为试材,研究水培条件下N、P、 K、Ca、Mg、Fe和Mn等7种营养元素分别缺乏对其根系主根长度、侧根数和主、侧根根毛密度、根毛长度及根毛直径等的影响．结果表明: 水培条件下,不同缺素处理枳实生幼苗的根毛均能生长,但根毛主要集中在近根基段,根尖处分布较少;侧根的根毛密度显著大于主根,而其根毛长度显著小于主根.不同缺素处理对根毛的生长发育影响较大,主根根毛密度为55.0~174.3 条·mm^-2．与对照相比,缺Ca诱发主根的根毛密度、长度显著增加;缺P使主根的根基段、中段及侧根的根毛密度、长度显著增加;缺Fe使主根根尖段根毛密度显著增加,而长度显著降低;缺K使主根、侧根的根毛密度、长度及根毛直径均显著降低;缺Mg使主根根毛长度显著增加．各处理主根的生长较一致;侧根除缺N、Mg处理外,其他处理均出现脱落后再生的现象.     

育龄妇女妊娠期需氧菌性阴道感染发病调查

目的 调查分析育龄妇女妊娠期需氧菌性阴道感染的发病率.方法 采用Donders高倍镜湿片镜检法联合细菌预成酶快速检测法对长兴县妇幼保健医院产前门诊常规孕检的育龄孕妇的阴道分泌物进行检查.结果 201例育龄孕妇中,共检出需氧菌性阴道感染患者36例,占总人数的17.9％.其中,孕早期、孕中期及孕晚期孕妇需氧菌增殖例数分别为5(占7.2％,5/69)、4(占7.4％,4/54)及6(占7.7％,6/78);孕早期、孕中期及孕晚期孕妇需氧菌阴道炎例数分别为7(占10.1％,7/69)、6(占11.1％,6/54)及8(占10.3％,8/78).结论 在妊娠早、中及晚期均会出现需氧菌性阴道感染,临床医生应采取合理有效的措施进行及时治疗,防止阴道上行感染的发生.     

心肌细胞／胶原复合体移植心梗大鼠梗死周边区的电偶联网络变化

目的应用免疫组化技术和电生理技术记录心肌细胞／胶原复合体对心梗大鼠梗死周边区的有效不应期（ERP）及缝隙连接蛋白43（Cx43）改变,探讨梗死周边区的电偶联网络变化。方法将成年SD大鼠随机分组：假手术组、模型组、移植组。后2组制作心肌梗死动物模型,假手术组仅开胸,不结扎冠状动脉,移植组移植心肌细胞与胶原材料复合组织。结果①左室ERP变化：与假手术组相比,心梗组梗死周边区ERP显著延长（P〈0．01）;移植组梗死周边区ERP延长,但较心梗阻ERP缩短,差异无显著性（P〉0．01）。②Cx43免疫组化结果：移植组Cx43阳性蛋白表达高于心梗组。结论移植的心肌细胞／胶原复合体移植可改善大鼠心肌梗死周边区缝隙连接电偶联网络,进而调控心肌细胞／胶原复合体与宿主心肌同步收缩。     

2007－2012 年佛冈县稻飞虱灯下发生期及种群数量动态分析

明确佛冈县稻飞虱灯下发生期及灯诱种群数量动态,对当地稻飞虱的预测预报和防治工作具有重要意义.根据佛冈县2007-2012年白背飞虱和褐飞虱的灯诱数据,分析了该县白背飞虱和褐飞虱的灯下始见日、终见日、发生期及灯诱量等.结果表明在佛冈地区,白背飞虱和褐飞虱混合发生;白背飞虱的灯下始见日集中在3月底至4月上旬,明显比褐飞虱早一个月,终见日均在10月下旬,差别不大;稻飞虱在早稻和晚稻期间均会出现大小不一的灯诱高峰,早稻期间白背飞虱高峰期集中在5月中旬至6月中旬,褐飞虱灯诱高峰期较迟,主要在7月中旬前后;晚稻期间向背飞虱高峰期大多在9月上旬至10月上旬,褐飞虱高峰期在10月份;早稻期间,白背飞虱的灯诱量占绝对优势,晚稻期间褐飞虱的灯诱量上升,与白背飞虱灯诱量基本持平.因此,佛冈县稻飞虱的灯下发生期及种群数量动态在一定程度上可反映当地稻飞虱的发生情况.     

Fringes of the empire: Diet and cultural change at the Roman to post‐Roman transition in NW Iberia

A growing number of paleodiet investigations over recent years have begun to reveal the stark dietary differences that existed between regions of the Roman Empire, as well as significant changes in subsistence strategies after its fall. The present study explores the dietary changes at the Roman to post‐Roman (Germanic) transition in the Northwest Iberian Peninsula, in order to improve our understanding of the changes that occurred at end of the Roman Empire in different regions across Europe and to also consider the influence of climate had on them. The carbon and nitrogen stable isotope investigation in bone collagen from A Lanzada, NW Spain (100–700 AD), which was an important commercial, coastal settlement has been presented. A human sample of 59 individuals, 6 of them subadults, is compared with 31 faunal specimens, which include a number of marine fish. Isotope data for the terrestrial fauna reveal the influence of the sea on the local isotope baseline. Analysis of the human samples indicates a mixed marine‐terrestrial diet. A shift in mean human δ¹³C values from ?16.7‰ to ?14.3‰ provides clear evidence for a significant change in diet in the post‐Roman period, probably through the intensification of both marine resources exploitation and C₄‐plant consumption (presumably millet). A deterioration of paleoenvironmental conditions, together with a poor socioeconomic situation and the arrival of new people, the Sueves, who brought a new political and socioeconomic system have been discussed as the main causes for the dietary modification in post‐Roman times.     

胰岛素注射液启封后有效期内细菌污染情况调查分析

目的:分析生物合成胰岛素注射液启封后有效期内细菌污染情况,并总结其合理的使用方法及时间。方法:收集我院各个科室使用的胰岛素注射液96瓶,启封后分别在不同使用时间和保存温度下采集样本进行细菌学检测。结果:本实验中96瓶启封后有效期内的生物胰岛素注射液中,共有10瓶细菌培养呈阳性,阳性率为10.41%。其中7d之内启封的胰岛素注射液细菌培养全部呈阴性,其余各组的胰岛素注射液细菌培养均呈阳性及存在菌落,随着启封时间的延长,细菌培养阳性率及菌落数上升,且各组之间的差异均具有统计学意义(P0.05)。研究中保存温度2~4℃的细菌培养全部呈阴性,其余各组的胰岛素注射液细菌培养均呈阳性及存在菌落,随着保存温度的升高,细菌培养阳性率及菌落数上升,且各组之间的差异均具有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:胰岛素注射液启封后有效期内随着时间的延长以及保存温度的升高,细菌培养的阳性率及菌落数量上升,临床使用时要应尽量在7d内使用完,并且尽量保存在低于25℃环境中。     

Underwater acoustic behavior of bearded seals (Erignathus barbatus) in the northeastern Chukchi Sea, 2007–2010

Bearded seal (Erignathus barbatus) calls were recorded using autonomous passive acoustic recorders deployed in the northeastern Chukchi Sea between October 2007 and October 2010. Continuous acoustic data were acquired during summer (August to mid‐October), and overwinter data (mid‐October through July) were acquired on a duty cycle of 40/48 min every 4 h. We investigated the spatio‐temporal distribution and acoustic behavior of vocalizing bearded seals in this multiyear data set. Peaks in calling occurred in spring, coinciding with the mating period, and calls stopped abruptly in late June/early July. Fewer calls were detected in summer, and the vocal presence of seals increased with the formation of pack ice in winter. Vocal activity was higher at night than during the day, with a peak around 0400 (AKST). Monthly patterns in proportional use of each call type and call duration were examined for the first time. The proportion and duration of AL1(T) and AL2(T) call types increased during the mating period, suggesting that males advertise their breeding condition by producing those specific longer trills. The observed seasonal and diel trends were consistent between years. These results improve our understanding of occurrence and acoustic behavior of bearded seals across the northeastern Chukchi Sea.