基于光谱技术的产前检测方法研究进展

优生优育是我们重要的国策。自二胎政策颁布以来,高龄产妇数量呈现明显上升的趋势,先天性畸形儿的发生几率变大。传统的产前检测方法存在较高流产风险、灵敏度低、耗时等问题,探寻一种无损快捷、经济灵敏的产前检测方法至关重要。本文首先介绍了常见的胎儿出生缺陷及当前临床常见的产前检测方法的优缺点,重点综述了光谱技术的特点及其在产前检测中的应用。其中包括光谱核型、实时荧光定量PCR、SNP等位基因位点分析等利用荧光光谱分析方法和拉曼光谱在产前检测中的应用情况。特别阐述了表面增强拉曼光谱SERS在生物检测中的优势,最后总结并展望了SERS光谱在产前检测的应用。     

富油脂微藻育种技术研究进展

微藻因生长迅速、光合作用效率高、分布范围广和油脂积累能力强等优势,已被认为是生产生物柴油的理想原料。诱变育种可改善野生型微藻生长缓慢、油脂含量低和环境适应能力弱等缺陷,提高了以微藻生产生物柴油的可行性。概述了物理、化学和基因工程三类诱变育种方法的研究现状,介绍了低场核磁共振和荧光激活细胞分选两种富油脂微藻筛选技术以及一种测定诱变藻株致死率的方法,讨论了三种诱变方法的应用前景,供相关研究人员参考。     

丛枝菌根真菌应用技术研究进展

丛枝菌根(AM)共生体系能够改善植物营养状况,增强植物对各种逆境胁迫的耐受性,其在农业和生态环境方面的应用得到广泛关注.近年来,在AM真菌(AMF)应用技术和田间试验方面取得了许多重要成果.本文在介绍AMF种质资源库、商业化菌剂生产及相关专利申报情况的基础上,结合实例从菌剂生产、接种技术、接种效应影响因素等方面综述了AMF应用技术的理论与实践,包括国内外近年来菌根技术在农业、园艺、生态修复等方面的应用,最后提出尚待系统深入研究的 AMF应用领域中的关键科学和技术问题,旨在为菌根技术的发展和推广应用提供参考.     

Second and third harmonic generation microscopy visualizes key structural components in fresh unprocessed healthy human breast tissue

Real‐time assessment of excised tissue may help to improve surgical results in breast tumor surgeries. Here, as a step towards this purpose, the potential of second and third harmonic generation (SHG, THG) microscopy is explored. SHG and THG are nonlinear optical microscopic techniques that do not require labeling of tissue to generate 3D images with intrinsic depth‐sectioning at sub‐cellular resolution. Until now, this technique had been applied on fixated breast tissue or to visualize the stroma only, whereas most tumors start in the lobules and ducts. Here, SHG/THG images of freshly excised unprocessed healthy human tissue are shown to reveal key breast components—lobules, ducts, fat tissue, connective tissue and blood vessels, in good agreement with hematoxylin and eosin histology. DNA staining of fresh unprocessed mouse breast tissue was performed to aid in the identification of cell nuclei in label‐free THG images. Furthermore, 2‐ and 3‐photon excited auto‐fluorescence images of mouse and human tissue are collected for comparison. The SHG/THG imaging modalities generate high quality images of freshly excised tissue in less than a minute with an information content comparable to that of the gold standard, histopathology. Therefore, SHG/THG microscopy is a promising tool for real‐time assessment of excised tissue during surgery.      

基于计量学方法分析数字PCR技术的临床应用现状与技术热点

近年来数字PCR技术作为第三代PCR技术迅猛发展,已被应用于无创产前筛查、病毒核酸检测及肿瘤液体活检等领域。以中国生物医学文献数据库、PubMed医学文献检索服务系统及Incopat专利数据库收录的与“数字PCR技术临床应用”相关的中英文论文和专利文献为数据源,利用计量学方法分析了数字PCR临床应用现状与技术热点趋势,明确该技术的主要研究机构包括美国弗雷德-哈钦森肿瘤研究中心、哈佛医学院丹娜法伯癌症研究所和Bio-Rad公司等。中文文献发表机构中检验检疫部门和疾控中心占比较高。国内外数字PCR技术研究主要聚焦于肿瘤伴随诊断、病毒检测和基因表达分析等方面。中国数字PCR技术研究热情较高,专利申请已展现出国际领先趋势。     

CRISPR/Cas技术在抗除草剂作物育种中的研究与应用进展

CRISPR/Cas系统是一种简单、低成本、高效、精准的基因编辑技术,该技术能够进行基因的定向改造,加速新品种培育进程,在种质资源创制中的应用潜力较高。概述了CRISPR/Cas系统的技术原理及其在作物抗除草剂育种中的应用,简要指出了目前CRISPR/Cas技术在抗除草剂种质创制及应用过程中存在的问题及发展方向,以期为今后利用CRISPR/Cas技术创制抗除草剂新种质提供理论依据。     

Preparation and application of freeze-dried platelets

Clinical platelet infusion is primarily used to prevent or stop bleeding, but can also have a role in treating infections or promoting wound healing. The demand for platelets has increased in recent years. However, as platelets can only be stored for short periods, there is a substantial loss due to the products reaching their expiry date. Platelet lyophilization is a particularly valuable and important research field. The purpose of studying the freeze-drying preservation of platelets is to realize the long-term preservation of platelets at room temperature. It is very possible to prepare qualified freeze-dried platelets. However, there are still problems that have not been solved in the process of platelet lyophilization. This review mainly summarizes research progress in the preparation and application of freeze-dried platelets.     

Availability and contributions of soil phosphorus to forage production of seeded alfalfa in semiarid Loess Plateau

The availability of soil phosphorus was studied in response to the forage production of seeded alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.), established by the ridge and furrow water-harvesting technique in the semiarid Loess Plateau of China. The following 5 treatments were set up in this study: (1) conventional cultivation in a flat plot without mulch (CK); (2) plastic mulched ridge with 30 cm width of ridge and furrow (M30); (3) plastic mulched ridge with 60 cm width of ridge and furrow (M60); (4) bare ridge with 30 cm width of ridge and furrow (B30); (5) bare ridge with 60 cm width of ridge and furrow (B60). The forage yield, evapotranspiration (ET), soil organic carbon (SOC), total phosphorus, available phosphorus and the ratio of soil organic C to available P (C/P) were measured in the experiment. Results showed that the positive correlation occurred between the decrease in soil available P and the total forage yield of alfalfa after three-year alfalfa stand. M30 and M60 were higher than those of conventional flat cultivation (CK) by 10.7% and 40.3%, respectively, whereas the yield of two bare treatments (B30 and B60) was lower than that of CK by 14.2% and 28.3%, respectively. After a 3-year alfalfa stand, the trend of the decrease in soil available P was in the order of M60 (55.5%) > M30 (51.5%) > CK (34.6%) > B30 (23.4%) > B60 (17.5%). Moreover, after 3-year alfalfa growth, the C/P ratio increased significantly in all of the treatments by comparing with that before sowing. The C/P ratios of M30 (1165.1) and M60 (1326.1) were significantly higher than those of the other treatments. More interesting finding was that the increase in SOC in dry years promoted the accumulation of soil available P. However, in wet years, the increase of SOC limited the accumulation of soil available P. Therefore, to further increase the forage yield of alfalfa, the effective technique must be developed to increase the soil available P.     

麻疯树苯丙氨酸解氨酶启动子的克隆和表达载体的构建

苯丙氨酸解氨酶（phenylalanine ammonia lyase, PAL）是苯丙烷类代谢途径的关键酶,催化苯丙氨酸转化为肉桂酸,促进黄酮、香豆素等次生代谢物的生成。本文根据已克隆的麻疯树苯丙氨酸解氨酶基因JcPAL的序列设计引物,通过DNA步移技术,克隆出长度为1 334 bp的JcPAL基因起始密码子上游序列。序列分析显示其不仅具备CAAT、TATA盒这些保守元件,而且包含多种胁迫诱导元件,特别是在序列中发现一些苯丙氨酸解氨酶特有的元件。为了鉴定JcPAL基因的启动子元件,分别将长度不同的5′端侧翼区缺失体定向插入载体pBI121中, 取代原有的CaMV35S启动子,构建了4个驱动报告基因GUS的植物表达载体。     

Relations between carbon dioxide fluxes and environmental factors of Kobresia humilis meadows and Potentilla fruticosa meadows

Carbon dioxide fluxes of Kobresia humilis and Potentillafruticosa shrub meadows,two typical ecosystems in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau,were measured by eddy covariance technology and the data collected in August 2003 were employed to analyze the relations between carbon dioxide fluxes and environmental factors of the ecosystems.August is the time when the two ecosystems reach their peak leaf area indexes and stay stable,and also the period when the net carbon absorptions of Kobresia humilis and Potentilla photo flux densities (PPFD),the carbon dioxide-uptake rate of the Kobresia humilis meadow is higher than that of the Potentilla fruticosa shrub meadow;where the PPFD are rates of the two ecosystems declined as air temperature increased,but the carbon dioxide uptake rate of the Kobresia humilis meadow decreased more quickly (-0.086) than that of the Potentilla fruticosa shrub meadow (-0.016).Soil moistures exert influence on the soil respirations and this varies with the vegetation type.The daily carbon dioxide absorptions of the ecosystems increase with increased diurnal temperature differences and higher diurnal temperature differences result in higher carbon dioxide exchanges.There exists a negative correlation between the vegetation albedos and the carbon dioxide fluxes.