康脂口服液药效学研究

通过体内外血栓形成实验证明康脂口服液可明显延长大鼠血栓形成时间,减少血栓长度和重量.对高血脂大、小鼠血总脂、总胆固醇、甘油三酯均有不同程度降低作用,对高血脂大鼠低密度脂蛋白增高有明显抑制作用.此外可增加麻醉犬脑血流量,降低脑血管阻力,减轻脑缺血后脑水肿,降低血粘度,改善微循环,降低血小板聚集率.     

Cannabinoid pharmacology in the cardiovascular system: potential protective mechanisms through lipid signalling

Cannabinoids include not only plant-derived compounds (of which delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol is the primary psychoactive ingredient of cannabis), but also synthetic agents and endogenous substances termed endocannabinoids which include anandamide (2-arachidonoylethanolamide) and 2-arachidonoylglycerol. Cannabinoids act on specific, G-protein-coupled, receptors which are currently divided into two types, CB1 and CB2. Relatively selective agonists and antagonists for these receptors have been developed, although one agent (SR141716A) widely used as an antagonist at CB1 receptors has non-cannabinoid receptor-mediated effects at concentrations which are often used to define the presence of the CB1 receptor. Both cannabinoid receptors are primarily coupled to Gi/o proteins and act to inhibit adenylyl cyclase. Stimulation of CB1 receptors also modulates the activity of K+ and Ca2+ channels and of protein kinase pathways including protein kinase B (Akt) which might mediate effects on apoptosis. CB, receptors may activate the extracellular signal-regulated kinase cascade through ceramide signalling. Cannabinoid actions on the cardiovascular system have been widely interpreted as being mediated by CB1 receptors although there are a growing number of observations, particularly in isolated heart and blood vessel preparations, that suggest that other cannabinoid receptors may exist. Interestingly, the currently identified cannabinoid receptors appear to be related to a wider family of lipid receptor, those for the lysophospholipids, which are also linked to Gi/o protein signalling. Anandamide also activates vanilloid VR1 receptors on sensory nerves and releases the vasoactive peptide, calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), which brings about vasodilatation through its action on CGRP receptors. Current evidence suggests that endocannabinoids have important protective roles in pathophysiological conditions such as shock and myocardial infarction. Therefore, their cardiovascular effects and the receptors mediating them are the subject of increasing investigative interest.     

An in vitro method for recording the electrical activity of the isolated heart of the adult Drosophila melanogaster

A recording chamber for monitoring the electrophysiological properties of the isolated heart of adult Drosophila melanogaster has been developed. Spontaneously generated field potentials of constant amplitude can be recorded for 6-8 h (n = 14); in very few cases, records were maintained stable for over 10 h (n = 4), and in some cases below 6 h (n = 5). The chamber consists of the tip of a micropipette, which allows for monitoring the field potential generated by the spontaneously contracting heart. The method can produce accurate information about the heart rate and the amplitude of the cardiac action potential. The preparation can be used for pharmacological studies on the heart of D. melanogaster since it responds, with an increase in the heart rate, to unusually low concentrations of octopamine, 1 nM, a compound with cardioaccelerating properties for insect heart. The recording system can be easily modified for experiments on the heart of other insects. Finally, the isolated heart of D. melanogaster provides a simple method for identifying mutations that affect heart physiology.     

基于网络药理学和分子对接技术探究清震汤治疗偏头痛的作用机制

基于网络药理学及分子对接技术探究清震汤治疗偏头痛的作用机制。利用中药系统药理学平台,结合文献报道,获取清震汤中3味中药的活性成分和作用靶点,借助UniProt数据库对靶点蛋白名称进行规范。通过DrugBank、GeneCards等数据库获取偏头痛相关靶点。运用在线Venny作图平台,得到清震汤治疗偏头痛的潜在作用靶点。通过STRING平台构建潜在靶点PPI网络,将所得蛋白互作信息导入Cytoscape 3.7.1进行图像优化及提取核心基因,运用DAVID数据库对潜在作用靶点进行富集分析,采用Cytoscape 3.7.1构建“中药-化合物-靶点-通路”调控网络并进行拓扑分析,使用Autodock软件进行分子对接验证。网络药理学分析结果显示,清震汤中治疗偏头痛可能与槲皮素、山奈酚、豆甾醇等40个化学成分有关,IL6、CXCL8、TNF、PTGS2等为关键靶点。富集分析得到GO条目436条,KEGG通路92条,主要涉及TNF信号通路,神经信号传递通路等。分子对接结果显示,上述活性成分与相关靶点具有较好的结合活性。该研究初步表明,清震汤中多种活性成分通过作用于IL6、CXCL8、TNF、PTGS2等关键靶点,调节多条信号通路,发挥治疗偏头痛的作用。     

Significance of Antioxidant Potential of Plants and its Relevance to Therapeutic Applications

Oxidative stress has been identified as the root cause of the development and progression of several diseases. Supplementation of exogenous antioxidants or boosting endogenous antioxidant defenses of the body is a promising way of combating the undesirable effects of reactive oxygen species (ROS) induced oxidative damage. Plants have an innate ability to biosynthesize a wide range of non-enzymatic antioxidants capable of attenuating ROS- induced oxidative damage. Several in vitro methods have been used to screen plants for their antioxidant potential, and in most of these assays they revealed potent antioxidant activity. However, prior to confirming their in vivo therapeutic efficacy, plant antioxidants have to pass through several physiopharmacological processes. Consequently, the findings of in vitro and in vivo antioxidant potential assessment studies are not always the same. Nevertheless, the results of in vitro assays have been irrelevantly extrapolated to the therapeutic application of plant antioxidants without undertaking sufficient in vivo studies. Therefore, we have briefly reviewed the physiology and redox biology of both plants and humans to improve our understanding of plant antioxidants as therapeutic entities. The applications and limitations of antioxidant activity measurement assays were also highlighted to identify the precise path to be followed for future research in the area of plant antioxidants.     

Pharmacological effects of berberine on mood disorders

Berberine, a natural isoquinoline alkaloid, is used in herbal medicine and has recently been shown to have efficacy in the treatment of mood disorders. Furthermore, berberine modulates neurotransmitters and their receptor systems within the central nervous system. However, the detailed mechanisms of its action remain unclear. This review summarizes the pharmacological effects of berberine on mood disorders. Therefore, it may be helpful for potential application in the treatment of mood disorders.     

Glibenclamide and HMR1098 normalize Cantú syndrome‐associated gain‐of‐function currents

Cantú syndrome (CS) is caused by dominant gain‐of‐function mutation in ATP‐dependent potassium channels. Cellular ATP concentrations regulate potassium current thereby coupling energy status with membrane excitability. No specific pharmacotherapeutic options are available to treat CS but I_KATP channels are pharmaceutical targets in type II diabetes or cardiac arrhythmia treatment. We have been suggested that I_KATP inhibitors, glibenclamide and HMR1098, normalize CS channels. I_KATP in response to Mg‐ATP, glibenclamide and HMR1098 were measured by inside‐out patch‐clamp electrophysiology. Results were interpreted in view of cryo‐EM I_KATP channel structures. Mg‐ATP IC₅₀ values of outward current were increased for D207E (0.71 ± 0.14 mmol/L), S1020P (1.83 ± 0.10), S1054Y (0.95 ± 0.06) and R1154Q (0.75 ± 0.13) channels compared to H60Y (0.14 ± 0.01) and wild‐type (0.15 ± 0.01). HMR1098 dose‐dependently inhibited S1020P and S1054Y channels in the presence of 0.15 mmol/L Mg‐ATP, reaching, at 30 μmol/L, current levels displayed by wild‐type and H60Y channels in the presence of 0.15 mmol/L Mg‐ATP. Glibenclamide (10 μmol/L) induced similar normalization. S1054Y sensitivity to glibenclamide increases strongly at 0.5 mmol/L Mg‐ATP compared to 0.15 mmol/L, in contrast to D207E and S1020P channels. Experimental findings agree with structural considerations. We conclude that CS channel activity can be normalized by existing drugs; however, complete normalization can be achieved at supraclinical concentrations only.     

A chemical–genetic interaction map of small molecules using high‐throughput imaging in cancer cells

Small molecules often affect multiple targets, elicit off‐target effects, and induce genotype‐specific responses. Chemical genetics, the mapping of the genotype dependence of a small molecule's effects across a broad spectrum of phenotypes can identify novel mechanisms of action. It can also reveal unanticipated effects and could thereby reduce high attrition rates of small molecule development pipelines. Here, we used high‐content screening and image analysis to measure effects of 1,280 pharmacologically active compounds on complex phenotypes in isogenic cancer cell lines which harbor activating or inactivating mutations in key oncogenic signaling pathways. Using multiparametric chemical–genetic interaction analysis, we observed phenotypic gene–drug interactions for more than 193 compounds, with many affecting phenotypes other than cell growth. We created a resource termed the Pharmacogenetic Phenome Compendium (PGPC), which enables exploration of drug mode of action, detection of potential off‐target effects, and the generation of hypotheses on drug combinations and synergism. For example, we demonstrate that MEK inhibitors amplify the viability effect of the clinically used anti‐alcoholism drug disulfiram and show that the EGFR inhibitor tyrphostin AG555 has off‐target activity on the proteasome. Taken together, this study demonstrates how combining multiparametric phenotyping in different genetic backgrounds can be used to predict additional mechanisms of action and to reposition clinically used drugs.     

Novel screening techniques for ion channel targeting drugs

Ion channels are integral membrane proteins that regulate the flux of ions across the cell membrane. They are involved in nearly all physiological processes, and malfunction of ion channels has been linked to many diseases. Until recently, high-throughput screening of ion channels was limited to indirect, e.g. fluorescence-based, readout technologies. In the past years, direct label-free biophysical readout technologies by means of electrophysiology have been developed. Planar patch-clamp electrophysiology provides a direct functional label-free readout of ion channel function in medium to high throughput. Further electrophysiology features, including temperature control and higher-throughput instruments, are continually being developed. Electrophysiological screening in a 384-well format has recently become possible. Advances in chip and microfluidic design, as well as in cell preparation and handling, have allowed challenging cell types to be studied by automated patch clamp. Assays measuring action potentials in stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes, relevant for cardiac safety screening, and neuronal cells, as well as a large number of different ion channels, including fast ligand-gated ion channels, have successfully been established by automated patch clamp. Impedance and multi-electrode array measurements are particularly suitable for studying cardiomyocytes and neuronal cells within their physiological network, and to address more complex physiological questions. This article discusses recent advances in electrophysiological technologies available for screening ion channel function and regulation.     

Preparation of Mitochondrial Enriched Fractions for Metabolic Analysis in Drosophila

Since mitochondria play roles in amino acid metabolism, carbohydrate metabolism and fatty acid oxidation, defects in mitochondrial function often compromise the lives of those who suffer from these complex diseases. Detecting mitochondrial metabolic changes is vital to the understanding of mitochondrial disorders and mitochondrial responses to pharmacological agents. Although mitochondrial metabolism is at the core of metabolic regulation, the detection of subtle changes in mitochondrial metabolism may be hindered by the overrepresentation of other cytosolic metabolites obtained using whole organism or whole tissue extractions. Here we describe an isolation method that detected pronounced mitochondrial metabolic changes in Drosophila that were distinct between whole-fly and mitochondrial enriched preparations. To illustrate the sensitivity of this method, we used a set of Drosophila harboring genetically diverse mitochondrial DNAs (mtDNA) and exposed them to the drug rapamycin. Using this method we showed that rapamycin modifies mitochondrial metabolism in a mitochondrial-genotype-dependent manner. However, these changes are much more distinct in metabolomics studies when metabolites were extracted from mitochondrial enriched fractions. In contrast, whole tissue extracts only detected metabolic changes mediated by the drug rapamycin independently of mtDNAs.