Meiofauna promotes litter decomposition in stream ecosystems depending on leaf species

Litter decomposition, a fundamental process of nutrient cycling and energy flow in freshwater ecosystems, is driven by a diverse array of decomposers. As an important component of the heterotrophic food web, meiofauna can provide a trophic link between leaf‐associated microbes (i.e., bacteria and fungi)/plant detritus and macroinvertebrates, though their contribution to litter decomposition is not well understood. To investigate the role of different decomposer communities in litter decomposition, especially meiofauna, we compared the litter decomposition of three leaf species with different lignin to nitrogen ratios in litter bags with different mesh sizes (0.05, 0.25, and 2 mm) in a forested stream, in China for 78 days. The meiofauna significantly enhanced the decomposition of leaves of high‐and medium‐ quality, while decreasing (negative effect) or increasing (positive effect) the fungal biomass and diversity. Macrofauna and meiofauna together contributed to the decomposition of low‐quality leaf species. The presence of meiofauna and macrofauna triggered different aspects of the microbial community, with their effects on litter decomposition varying as a function of leaf quality. This study reveals that the meiofauna increased the trophic complexity and modulated their interactions with microbes, highlighting the important yet underestimated role of meiofauna in detritus‐based ecosystems.     

Analysis of chemometric models applied to Raman spectroscopy for monitoring key metabolites of cell culture

The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) initiative of Process Analytical Technology (PAT) encourages the monitoring of biopharmaceutical manufacturing processes by innovative solutions. Raman spectroscopy and the chemometric modeling tool partial least squares (PLS) have been applied to this aim for monitoring cell culture process variables. This study compares the chemometric modeling methods of Support Vector Machine radial (SVMr), Random Forests (RF), and Cubist to the commonly used linear PLS model for predicting cell culture components—glucose, lactate, and ammonia. This research is performed to assess whether the use of PLS as standard practice is justified for chemometric modeling of Raman spectroscopy and cell culture data. Model development data from five small-scale bioreactors (2 × 1 L and 3 × 5 L) using two Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell lines were used to predict against a manufacturing scale bioreactor (2,000 L). Analysis demonstrated that Cubist predictive models were better for average performance over PLS, SVMr, and RF for glucose, lactate, and ammonia. The root mean square error of prediction (RMSEP) of Cubist modeling was acceptable for the process concentration ranges of glucose (1.437 mM), lactate (2.0 mM), and ammonia (0.819 mM). Interpretation of variable importance (VI) results theorizes the potential advantages of Cubist modeling in avoiding interference of Raman spectral peaks. Predictors/Raman wavenumbers (cm⁻¹) of interest for individual variables are X1139–X1141 for glucose, X846–X849 for lactate, and X2941–X2943 for ammonia. These results demonstrate that other beneficial chemometric models are available for use in monitoring cell culture with Raman spectroscopy.     

磷酸盐生物矿化处理低浓度含铀废水的研究进展

生物矿化修复技术处理低浓度含铀废水具有环境友好、适用范围广、产物稳定性好等优点,引起了研究学者们的广泛关注,具有较大的研究价值和广阔的应用前景。本文首先从生物矿化常用微生物、生物矿化作用机理及发展瓶颈等方面简单介绍生物矿化,然后从微生物群落调控、溶液参数等方面对强化生物矿化进行展望,以期为今后含铀废水污染地区的治理提供新的思路和技术。     

雄安新区河流健康评价

雄安新区地理环境敏感,生态环境较为脆弱,研究新区河流健康对维护区域水生态平衡,实施京津冀协同发展战略及疏解北京非首都功能具有重要意义。以雄安新区4条河流为研究对象,基于高分二号遥感影像、地理信息数据和实测数据,构建由水文水资源、河流水质、河流底泥、河流生物、河流生境和社会服务构成的河流健康评价指标体系,并用主客观赋值法得到各指标的综合权重,进而计算河流的综合健康指数,以此对河流健康情况进行评价。结果表明不同河流的准则层指标的健康指数和河流综合健康指数存在差异性,其中白沟引河综合健康指数为0.640,处于健康状态;府河的综合健康指数为0.484,处于亚健康状态;瀑河和孝义河均处于病态,综合健康指数为0.269和0.228。总体表现同一河流不同河段以及不同河流存在明显的空间异质性,府河和白沟引河的健康状态明显好于孝义河和瀑河,同时除孝义河不同采样点的健康情况没有差别,府河、瀑河和白沟引河三条河流不同采样点之间的健康状况存在一定的差别,河流入淀处健康状况普遍比中游健康状况好。这为后期生态需水及其整个新区的生态功能提升提供了参考依据。     

群落/生态系统功能多样性研究方法及展望

功能多样性是指影响群落/生态系统功能的物种性状值和范围,是解释和预测生态系统结构和功能的有效手段之一,可将植物个体尺度与群落尺度和生态系统尺度的相关生态学问题联系起来。虽已发展出多种功能多样性定量化研究方法,但不同方法结果差异较大,难以进行多研究间的比较研究。比较探讨各功能多样性研究方法的优缺点有利于拓展功能多样性内涵,也有助于功能生态学的应用与发展。回顾了当前10种功能多样性的定量化研究方法,并指出选取合适功能多样性方法的关键在于,应考虑选取群落/生态系统中的哪些物种、哪些功能性状、选取的功能性状数目、以及如何对功能性状权重等。对比发现,功能分散性指数和Rao二次熵系数的研究方法在众多方法中优势明显,具有较高的应用潜力;标准化功能多样性的研究方法在未来仍需进一步完善。利用功能多样性指数预测群落/生态系统过程和功能当前仍多侧重于理论研究,野外实证研究较为缺乏,是功能生态学未来研究的重点和难点之一。     

Parameter estimation for discretely observed linear birth‐and‐death processes

Birth‐and‐death processes are widely used to model the development of biological populations. Although they are relatively simple models, their parameters can be challenging to estimate, as the likelihood can become numerically unstable when data arise from the most common sampling schemes, such as annual population censuses. A further difficulty arises when the discrete observations are not equi‐spaced, for example, when census data are unavailable for some years. We present two approaches to estimating the birth, death, and growth rates of a discretely observed linear birth‐and‐death process: via an embedded Galton‐Watson process and by maximizing a saddlepoint approximation to the likelihood. We study asymptotic properties of the estimators, compare them on numerical examples, and apply the methodology to data on monitored populations.     

粪甲虫对绢蒿荒漠春秋两季牛粪分解的影响

为明确绢蒿荒漠草地牛粪的分解规律,分别在5月(春季)和9月(秋季)设置不同堆置时间点(0、7、29、48、58 h),明确粪便理化性质变化规律,同时设置不同开口的网笼(无网笼、上下开口、上开口、全封口),探讨各生态功能类群粪甲虫对粪便分解的影响。结果表明: 春季的粪甲虫种类数显著高于秋季,秋季的粪甲虫数量显著高于春季。春季粪便的水分、全碳、全氮、全磷下降主要集中在0～29 h,堆置29 h时粪便的水分、全碳、全氮、全磷分别降低39.4%、13.9%、32.1%、26.7%。堆置58 h时粪便的中性洗涤纤维和酸性洗涤纤维分别显著降低8.0%和16.0%。秋季粪便的水分、中性洗涤纤维、酸性洗涤纤维在0～7 h内下降速度最快,堆置7 h时分别降低85.6%、10.2%和20.2%。7～58 h内中性洗涤纤维和酸性洗涤纤维上升,58 h时粪便的中性洗涤纤维和酸性洗涤纤维分别升高20.0%和13.7%。全碳、全氮和全磷的分解主要集中在0～29 h内,堆置29 h时分别降低17.5%、55.0%和64.8%。不同开口的网笼有效阻止了相应生态功能类群粪甲虫的进驻,随着粪甲虫生态功能类群的增加,粪便分解速度加快,无网笼状态下的粪便分解速度显著高于其它处理。粪甲虫种类、数量以及粪便堆置时间均显著影响牛粪的分解过程。     

大孔树脂纯化岩高兰多酚的工艺研究

为获得大孔树脂纯化岩高兰多酚的最佳工艺,以岩高兰的地上部分为原料,通过考察6种不同类型树脂(HPD-100、X-5、AB-8、D101、HPD-600、NKA-II)的含水率、吸附率和解吸率的大小,筛选出一种最适合纯化岩高兰多酚的树脂。在此基础上,选择对纯化工艺影响较大的4种因素(上样浓度、乙醇浓度、洗脱流速、洗脱体积),进行响应面法分析得到最佳工艺。结果表明:HPD-600型大孔树脂对岩高兰多酚的纯化效果最佳,其最优工艺参数为:上样浓度0.84 mg·mL^-1;乙醇浓度62.15%;洗脱流速0.67 mL·min^-1;洗脱体积2.71 BV。该条件下,岩高兰多酚的提取率为229.18 mg·g^-1,岩高兰多酚的纯度由8.11%提高到22.56%,回收率为67.78%。本研究为岩高兰多酚的纯化工艺提供了新的技术路线,也可为岩高兰提取物的研究和应用提供参考。     

《国家重点保护野生植物名录》调整的必要性、原则和程序

我国是世界上植物多样性最丰富的国家之一, 1999年发布的《国家重点保护野生植物名录》(下称《名录》(第一批))明确了国家重点保护野生植物的范围, 为依法强化保护、规范无序开发利用、提高公众保护意识奠定了基础。20多年来, 我国野生植物多样性保护形势发生了很大变化, 需要对《名录》进行调整。2018年, 国家林业和草原局、农业农村部启动《名录》调整工作, 物种的遴选遵循了5条基本原则和4条补充性原则, 这些原则主要涉及中国珍稀濒危物种, 具有重要经济、文化、科研、生态等价值物种的入选以及部分物种的排除。经国务院批准, 2021年9月7日, 国家林业和草原局、农业农村部发布了调整后的《名录》, 包括真菌类、藻类、苔藓、石松类和蕨类植物、裸子植物和被子植物, 共计约1,101种(455种和40类)野生植物列入其中。本文简要介绍了《名录》调整的必要性、原则和程序及调整后的情况。     

亚热带6个典型树种吸收细根寿命与形态属性格局

根周转是地下生态过程的主要驱动力, 根属性指征了物种生态策略, 根寿命与属性是理解生态系统碳氮循环和群落多样性的关键。目前对亚热带常绿阔叶林根周转等生态过程的直接观测资料缺乏。该研究对中亚热带江西樟树试验林场6个树种吸收细根动态进行了2年观测, 获取了2.8万张微根管照片, 分析了吸收细根寿命年际和季节变化特征及其与根形态属性的关系。结果显示: 1)亚热带6个树种间吸收细根寿命变异为4.6倍, 变异系数可达73%。中值寿命排序为: 红豆杉(Taxus wallichiana)(426天) >复羽叶栾树( Koelreuteria bipinnata)(155天) >竹柏( Nageia nagi)(145天) >樟( Cinnamomum camphora)(126天) >东京樱花( Cerasus yedoensis)(93天) >深山含笑( Michelia maudiae)(92天); 2)树木吸收细根寿命年际、季节变异较大, 可能是适应伏秋旱、雨热不同期、年际变化大的亚热带季风气候的结果; 3)吸收细根寿命与直径呈显著正相关关系, 与比根长呈显著负相关关系, 表明根的构建成本可以在一定程度上预测寿命。这些结果为预测亚热带地下生态过程、揭示亚热带常绿阔叶林碳氮循环、物种共存机制提供依据。