Plant calcium oxalate crystal formation, function, and its impact on human health

Crystals of calcium oxalate have been observed among members from most taxonomic groups of photosynthetic organisms ranging from the smallest algae to the largest trees.The biological roles for calcium...     

合欢解郁汤联合草酸艾司西酞普兰片治疗老年抑郁症患者疗效及对hs-CRP影响

摘要 目的：探究合欢解郁汤联合草酸艾司西酞普兰片在治疗老年抑郁症患者中的疗效,并分析治疗对患者超敏C反应蛋白（hs-CRP）水平的影响。方法：选择2021年2月至2022年1月在我院接受治疗的80例老年抑郁症患者为研究对象,将其均分为实验组与对照组（各40例）,对照组患者接受常规草酸艾司西酞普兰片治疗,实验组患者在对照组基础上加用合欢解郁汤治疗,对比两组患者治疗效果,治疗前后汉密尔顿抑郁量表（HAMD）、匹兹堡睡眠质量指数（PSQI）、自杀意念自评量表（SIOSS）、白细胞介素-6（IL-6）、hs-CRP水平,并记录对比两组患者治疗中不良反应发生率。结果：（1）实验组患者治疗有效率为97.50 %,对照组为85.00 %,两组比较差异明显（P<0.05）;（2）治疗前两组患者HAMD及PSQI评分差异不大,治疗后实验组患者上述量表评分均低于对照组（P<0.05）;（3）治疗前两组患者SIOSS量表各维度评分差异不大（P>0.05）,治疗后实验组患者绝望因子、乐观因子、睡眠因子和掩饰因子得分均低于对照组（P<0.05）;（4）治疗前两组患者IL-6和hs-CRP水平差异不大（P>0.05）,治疗后实验组IL-6和hs-CRP水平均低于对照组（P<0.05）;（5）两组患者不良反应发生率差异不大（P>0.05）。结论：合欢解郁汤联合草酸艾司西酞普兰片对老年抑郁症具有较好疗效,能改善抑郁症状,降低其自杀风险以及炎症因子水平,同时治疗安全性较高。     

Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of American chestnut (Castanea dentata (Marsh.) Borkh.) somatic embryos

These studies were designed to test if a binary vector containing the gfp, bar and oxalate oxidase genes could transform American chestnut somatic embryos; to see if a desiccation treatment during co-cultivation would affect the transformation frequency of different American chestnut somatic embryo clones; to explore the effects of more rapid desiccation; and to see if the antibiotics used to kill the Agrobacterium were interfering with the regeneration of the somatic embryos. Two days of gradual desiccation was found to significantly enhance transient GFP expression frequency. When this treatment was tested on six American chestnut clones, five were transformed and four of these remained embryogenic. Transformation was confirmed by Southern hybridization. Phenotypically normal transgenic shoots were regenerated and rooted. Vascular tissue specific expression of the oxalate oxidase gene was detected in one transgenic line. Carbenicillin, cefotaxime, and tricarcillin were found to not interfere with the regeneration of transformed embryos.     

Aluminum-activated oxalate secretion does not associate with internal content among some oxalate accumulators

Although aluminum (AI)-activated secretion of oxalate has been considered to be an Important AI-exclusion mechanism,whether it is a general response in oxalate accumulators and related to oxalate content in roots are still not clear.Here,we examined the oxalate secretion and oxalate content in some oxalate accumulators,and investigated the role of oxalate secretion in AI resistance.When oxalate content in amaranth roots was decreased by about 50% with the increased ratio of NH4 -N to NO3——N in nutrient solution,the amount of AI-activated oxalate secretion still remained constant.There was no relationship between the content of the water soluble oxalate in four species of oxalate accumulators and the amount of the AI-activated oxalate secretion in roots.Furthermore,oxalate secretion is poorly associated with AI resistance among these species.Based on the above results,we concluded that although all of the oxalate accumulators tested could secrete oxalate rapidly,the density of anion channels in plasma membrane may play a more important role in AI-activated oxalate secretion.Key words: aluminum toxicity; Amaranthus; anion channel; oxalate accumulator; oxalate secretion.     

Application of π acceptors to the spectrophotometric and spectrofluorimetric determination of vincamine and naftidrofuryl oxalate in their pharmaceutical preparations

Three different spectrophotometric and two spectrofluorimetric methods have been developed and validated for the determination of vincamine (VN) and naftidrofuryl oxalate (NF) in tablets. The spectrophotometric methods depend on charge transfer complex formation between each of VN and NF with 7,7,8,8‐tetracyano‐quinodimethane (TCNQ), 2,6‐dichloroquinone‐4‐chloroimide (DCQ) and 2,3‐dichloro‐5,6‐dicyano‐1,4‐benzoquinone (DDQ) at 843, 580 and 588 nm, respectively. The spectrofluorimetric methods are based on the formation of charge transfer complex between each of the two drugs and TCNQ, with measurement of the fluorophore formed at 312/375 and 284/612 nm, respectively, or with DDQ at 400/475 and 284/396 nm, respectively. In the spectrophotometric measurements, Beer's law was obeyed at concentration ranges of 1.5–16, 10–180 and 12–140 μg/ml for VN with TCNQ, DCQ, and DDQ, respectively. For NF, the corresponding concentrations were 2–28, 5–75 and 25–150 μg/ml with TCNQ, DCQ, and DDQ, respectively. In the spectrofluorimetric measurements, the ranges for VN were 0.05–0.9 and 0.3–4 μg/ml with TCNQ and DDQ, respectively, whereas for NF the ranges were 0.05–0.85 and 0.5–8 μg/ml with TCNQ and DDQ, respectively. The different experimental parameters affecting the development and stability of the formed color or fluorophore were studied and optimized and the molar ratios of the complexes were calculated. The proposed methods were validated according to ICH guidelines and were successfully applied for the determination of VN and NF in their tablet dosage forms.     

大豆耐铝性品种差异及其与有机酸的关系

从 1 0个大豆品种中筛选出两个耐铝性差异显著的品种 ,研究了其耐铝性与有机酸的关系。经铝处理后 ,吴川品种的相对根长为 1 3 3 .5 % ,化州只有 68.9% ,表明吴川相对耐铝 ,化州对铝较敏感。将不同浓度的AlCl3 加入营养液中处理大豆 1 0d,化州较吴川根长受到较大影响 ,进一步证实吴川相对耐铝毒 ,而化州对酸铝敏感。机理研究发现大豆在铝胁迫下根系可分泌两种有机酸 (草酸、柠檬酸 ) ,其中吴川根系草酸分泌速率提高了 74% ,化州几乎没有提高 ,表明耐铝性大豆品种的根系草酸分泌速率明显提高 ,可增强其缓解酸铝毒性的能力。而二者分泌柠檬酸的速率虽然均有显著提高 ,但处理后感抗品种之间差异不大 ,表明柠檬酸在缓解铝毒性中的作用不大。铝处理下大豆根系虽然分泌两种有机酸 ,但草酸在大豆耐酸铝机制中的作用可能更为重要。     

Calcium and oxalate content of the leaves of Phaseolus vulgaris at different calcium supply in relation to calcium oxalate crystal formation

Soluble and insoluble oxalate and insoluble calcium were measured in the leaves of Phaseolus vulgaris. The plants were grown in nutrient solutions with two different concentrations of calcium. Two developmental stages of the leaves were studied. Although the content of insoluble calcium differs widely according to leaf age and growth conditions, the percentage bound in crystals is nearly the same in all cases. In the growing leaves, concentrations of total oxalate are independent of calcium supply, thus, showing that the known rise in numbers of crystals, and of cells containing them, is not induced via oxalate biosynthesis. Fully expanded leaves contain more oxalate when grown in a nutrient solution with higher calcium concentration. Amounts of oxalate in percent of dry weight are similar to those given in the literature for other legume leaves.     

草酸处理对热胁迫下辣椒叶片膜透性和钙分布的影响

研究了外源草酸对热胁迫下辣椒叶片中细胞膜相对透性、谷胱甘肽(GSH)和抗坏血酸(AsA)含量变化以及Ca2+分布的影响.结果表明热胁迫使叶肉细胞膜相对透性升高,草酸处理则减轻升高幅度.热胁迫使叶片中GSH和AsA含量下降;草酸处理则使二者在热胁迫下含量下降幅度较小.常温下辣椒叶肉细胞的焦锑酸钙沉淀颗粒主要分布于液泡、胞间隙和叶绿体中,热胁迫下液泡、细胞间隙中减少,但在细胞核和细胞质中出现;经过草酸处理的叶肉细胞,焦锑酸钙沉淀颗粒在胞间隙中明显增多,液泡中减少.     

Chemiluminescent measurement of oxalate in serum by detection of hydrogen peroxide generated through oxalate oxidase

Today, chemiluminescence detection reactions have become popular in analytical biochemistry essentially due to their high sensitivity. A chemiluminescent synthetic system (luminol/porphyrin) was successfully used to measure serum oxalate by determination of hydrogen peroxide generated through oxalate oxidase (EC 1.2.3.4.). This new method is efficient and simple, highly sensitive and the results obtained in normal adult subjects are in good agreement with those of approved methods. This original application of such a chemiluminescent system allowed us to achieve a sensitive serum oxalate assay (detection limit of 0.2 μmol/L) characterized by a low serum volume (200 μL) required for analysis. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

An engineered bacterial therapeutic lowers urinary oxalate in preclinical models and in silico simulations of enteric hyperoxaluria

Enteric hyperoxaluria (EH) is a metabolic disease caused by excessive absorption of dietary oxalate leading to the formation of chronic kidney stones and kidney failure. There are no approved pharmaceutical treatments for EH. SYNB8802 is an engineered bacterial therapeutic designed to consume oxalate in the gut and lower urinary oxalate as a potential treatment for EH. Oral administration of SYNB8802 leads to significantly decreased urinary oxalate excretion in healthy mice and non‐human primates, demonstrating the strain''s ability to consume oxalate in vivo. A mathematical modeling framework was constructed that combines in vitro and in vivo preclinical data to predict the effects of SYNB8802 administration on urinary oxalate excretion in humans. Simulations of SYNB8802 administration predict a clinically meaningful lowering of urinary oxalate excretion in healthy volunteers and EH patients. Together, these findings suggest that SYNB8802 is a promising treatment for EH.