我国部分白菜型油菜 RAPD 的研究

本研究用RAPD技术和统计学方法,对以湖南和湖北省油菜为主的34个白菜型油菜品种的遗传多样性进行了分析。根据离差平方和,用Ward's聚类方法进行聚类。结果表明：白菜型油菜的遗传变异与生态地理分布有密切的关系;湖南和湖北两省的白菜型油菜品种存在广泛的遗传变异;在DNA水平上可将所分析的34个品种分成8个类群。作者对研究结果在遗传育种中的应用进行了讨论。     

Genome-wide association study dissects the genetic control of plant height and branch number in response to low-phosphorus stress in Brassica napus

Background and AimsOilseed rape (Brassica napus) is one of the most important oil crops worldwide. Phosphorus (P) deficiency severely decreases the plant height and branch number of B. napus. However, the genetic bases controlling plant height and branch number in B. napus under P deficiency remain largely unknown. This study aims to mine candidate genes for plant height and branch number by genome-wide association study (GWAS) and determine low-P-tolerance haplotypes.MethodsAn association panel of B. napus was grown in the field with a low P supply (P, 0 kg ha⁻¹) and a sufficient P supply (P, 40 kg ha⁻¹) across 2 years and plant height and branch number were investigated. More than five million single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were used to conduct GWAS of plant height and branch number at two contrasting P supplies.Key ResultsA total of 2127 SNPs were strongly associated (P < 6·25 × 10⁻⁰⁷) with plant height and branch number at two P supplies. There was significant correlation between phenotypic variation and the number of favourable alleles of associated loci on chromosomes A10 (chrA10_821671) and C08 (chrC08_27999846), which will contribute to breeding improvement by aggregating these SNPs. BnaA10g09290D and BnaC08g26640D were identified to be associated with chrA10_821671 and chrC08_27999846, respectively. Candidate gene association analysis and haplotype analysis showed that the inbred lines carrying ATT at BnaA10g09290Hap1 and AAT at BnaC08g26640Hap1 had greater plant height than lines carrying other haplotype alleles at low P supply.ConclusionOur results demonstrate the power of GWAS in identifying genes of interest in B. napus and provided insights into the genetic basis of plant height and branch number at low P supply in B. napus. Candidate genes and favourable haplotypes may facilitate marker-based breeding efforts aimed at improving P use efficiency in B. napus.     

Reduced abundance and earlier collection of bumble bee workers under intensive cultivation of a mass‐flowering prairie crop

One of the most commonly seeded crops in Canada is canola, a cultivar of oilseed rape (Brassica napus). As a mass‐flowering crop grown intensively throughout the Canadian Prairies, canola has the potential to influence pollinator success across tens of thousands of square kilometers of cropland. Bumble bees (Bombus sp.) are efficient pollinators of many types of native and crop plants. We measured the influence of this mass‐flowering crop on the abundance and phenology of bumble bees, and on another species of social bee (a sweat bee; Halictus rubicundus), by continuously deploying traps at different levels of canola cultivation intensity, spanning the start and end of canola bloom. Queen bumble bees were more abundant in areas with more canola cover, indicating that this crop is attractive to queens. However, bumble bee workers were significantly fewer in these locations later in the season, suggesting reduced colony success. The median collection dates of workers of three bumble bee species were earlier near canola fields, suggesting a dynamic response of colonies to the increased floral resources. Different species experienced this shift to different extents. The sweat bee was not affected by canola cultivation intensity. Our findings suggest that mass‐flowering crops such as canola are attractive to bumble bee queens and therefore may lead to higher rates of colony establishment, but also that colonies established near this crop may be less successful. We propose that the effect on bumble bees can be mitigated by spacing the crop more evenly with respect to alternate floral resources.     

Partial Root Drying Effects on Biomass Production in Brassica napus and the Significance of Root Responses

Partial root drying (PRD) has been shown to stimulate stomatal-closure response and improve water-use efficiency and thus biomass production and grain yield under water deficiency. While most studies focus on above-ground responses to PRD, we examined how root responses contributed to effects of partial root drying. In particular, in two experiments with oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.) we investigated whether roots were able to forage for patchily distributed water, and how this affected plant growth compared with uniform watering and alternate watering (in which different parts of the roots receive water alternately). The first pot experiment was carried out in the greenhouse and the second outside under a rain-shelter in which also the watering amount was varied. The results indicate that B. napus roots were able to forage for fixed water patches by selective root placement. In the first experiment with small plants, root foraging was equally effective as enhanced water-use efficiency under alternate watering. Both treatments resulted in about 10% higher shoot biomass compared with uniform watering. Alternate watering generally outperformed uniform watering in the second experiment, but the success depended on the time of harvest and the water supply level. Measurements indicated that only the alternate watering regime effectively reduced stomatal conductance, but lead to a higher shoot biomass only under more severe (50%) rather than under milder water deficiency (70% of a well watered control). Water deficiency strongly reduced leaf initiation rates and leaf sizes in B. napus, but for a given level of water supply the supply pattern (uniform control, fixed patchy or alternate watering) hardly influenced these growth parameters. Although also in the second experiment, the plants selectively placed their roots in the wet parts of the pot, root foraging was not as effective as in the first experiment. Possible reasons for these discrepancies are discussed as well as their implications for the application of PRD effects for crop growth.     

长期不同施肥方式对稻油轮作制水稻田杂草群落的影响

为揭示长期不同施肥方式下农田生态系统中杂草群落的变化规律,于2006年10月在太湖地区一个长期肥料试验定位监测田,运用群落生态学方法研究了7种长期不同施肥处理持续20a后对水稻-油菜轮作制水稻田杂草群落的影响.试验区共记录到杂草11种,隶属于6个科.其中,节节菜(Rotala indica)、陌上菜(Lindernia procumbens)、鸭舌草(Monochoria vaginalis)、异型莎草(Cyperus difformis)等4种杂草在所有施肥处理区发生密度较大.莎草科杂草牛毛毡(Eleocharis yokoscensis)只在不施肥区和纯氮肥区出现,而球穗扁莎(Pycreus globosus)和萤蔺(Scirpus juncoides)仅在不施肥区出现.长期不同施肥措施下,田间杂草群落的物种多样性有明显差异:全年秸秆区的物种丰富度(7.3种)最小,不施肥区(10.7种)最大;不施肥区、常规区、秋季秸秆区Shannon-Wiener指数显著大于其他处理区;不施肥区和常规区Simpson指数显著小于其他处理区;不施肥区和纯氮肥区Pielou均匀度指数显著小于其他处理区.田间杂草群落的优势种组成也发生了一定变化, Whittaker指数表明,与不施肥处理相比,单施化肥、化肥配施猪粪对杂草群落结构及物种组成的影响最显著,化肥配施油菜秸秆和化肥配施油菜水稻秸秆次之,而纯施氮肥和化肥配施水稻秸秆的影响较小.Srensen群落相似性指数及聚类分析结果也得到相似的结论.结果表明,单施化肥(平衡施用N、P、K肥)、化肥配施猪粪、化肥配施夏季、秋季和全年秸秆处理均能显著改变田间杂草群落的组成,改变某些杂草在群落中的优势地位,从而抑制其发生危害程度.     

Coat protein-mediated resistance to Turnip mosaic virus in oilseed rape (Brassica napus)

Oilseed rape (Brassica napus) lines transformedwith the coat protein (CP) gene of Turnip mosaic virus(TuMV) were used to determine the effectiveness of resistance to TuMV mediatedby CP RNA or coat protein. Lines with one, two, or more copies of transgeneswere produced. T₂ and T₃ lines containing the CP genewitha functional start codon synthesised coat protein and showed high, but variablelevels of resistance to TuMV (21–96% resistant plants per line). TheT₁ and T₂ progeny of all lines carrying the CP gene withamutated start codon so that RNA but not protein was expressed, were assusceptible to TuMV as controls. Thus, in these experiments we were able toinduce CP-mediated resistance, but not RNA-mediated resistance.     

PDF1.2基因在转草酸氧化酶基因甘蓝型油菜中的表达

采用RT-PCR方法检测茉莉酸（JA）／乙烯（ET）依赖性信号途径中关键基因PDF1。2在转草酸氧化酶基因（OXO）油菜株系与未转化对照中的表达差异。结果表明,在转基因油菜不同株系中PDF1．2都有不同程度的上调表达,预示着转OXO油菜对菌核病的抗性增强可能与激活JA／ET依赖性信号途径有关。     

不同类型油菜EST-SSR标记的通用性及其应用研究

以10个甘蓝型油菜、11个芥菜型油菜和7个白菜型油菜品种为材料,选用已报道的14对白菜EST-SSR引物和8对油菜EST-SSR引物,探索其在3种类型油菜中的通用性,并利用筛选出的在3类油菜中有通用性和多态性的EST-SSR标记对供试油菜品种进行聚类分析.结果表明:(1)选用的14对白菜EST-SSR引物和8对油菜EST-SSR引物,在供试的3种类型油菜中都有扩增,完全可用.(2)在白菜型、甘蓝型和芥菜型油菜品种中扩增显示出多态性的引物数分别为18、16 和14对,其中有10对引物在3种类型油菜品种间扩增产物具有多态性.(3)利用这10对扩增多态性EST-SSR引物对供试油菜品种聚类分析,结果显示,在遗传相似系数为0.67时,3种类型油菜品种分别独自聚为一大类,表明开发和建立不同类型油菜间可通用的EST-SSR标记是可行且有应用价值的.     

油菜花粉总黄酮的微波辅助提取及其抗氧化活性研究

采用微波辅助提取法提取油菜花粉总黄酮,通过单因素和正交试验,得到最佳提取条件：80％的乙醇、1：20的料液比、提取时间140s、微波功率242W、提取3次,总黄酮质量分数为（2．64±0．05）％。同时还研究提取物对羟自由基、DPPH自由基的清除作用,以及对小鼠肝组织脂质过氧化的抑制作用,自由基半清除质量浓度和脂质过氧化丰抑制盾奄浓度分剐为0．115、0．325和0．065mg／mL。     

Species-specific primers for predation studies of the pollen beetle, Meligethes aeneus (Coleoptera, Nitidulidae)

Species‐specific primers were developed for the pollen beetle (a pest in oilseed rape) for studies of predation by natural insect predators. Two forward and three reverse primers were designed within the mitochondrial COI gene and used in combination to amplify fragments in the size range of 163–290 bp. Remains of pollen beetle DNA were consistently detected in Pardosa spiders up to 24 h after ingestion but dropped drastically at 48 h. These primers will facilitate studies on biological control of this oilseed rape pest. Detection time was not correlated with fragment length as might be expected as the DNA gradually degrades into progressively shorter fragments over time.