抗性淀粉对HFA小鼠肠道菌群的影响

目的 以人源菌群(HFA)小鼠为研究模型,观察抗性淀粉(RS)对高脂饮食诱导的肥胖小鼠肠道菌群的多样性的影响.方法 将30只无菌小鼠接种健康人志愿者的粪便悬液构建HFA小鼠模型后,随机分成3组,一组喂养含20％的抗性淀粉的高脂饲料(RS组),一组喂养纯高脂饲料(CK组),一组喂养普通饲料(CONV组),取第0周和第8周的小鼠新鲜粪便,用PCR-DGGE分析3组小鼠的肠道菌群的相似性和多样性.结果 3组小鼠在第0周时肠道菌群多样性的相似度达到79％～87％,与人的肠道菌群相似性达到39％,说明构建HFA小鼠模型成功,第8周时,3组之间的均匀度(E)和Shannon指数差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05),而丰富度(S)在高脂组(CK)与普通饲料组(CONV)和抗性淀粉组(RS)之间差异都有统计学意义(P＜0.05),说明高脂饮食引起肠道菌群多样性增加,而抗性淀粉则能降低这种多样性.结论 抗性淀粉可以显著影响HFA小鼠的肠道菌群多样性.     

转基因小鼠和基因突变小鼠微卫星不稳定性分析

目的探讨微卫星在转基因和基因突变小鼠中的变化,为基因修饰和遗传突变动物的遗传检测和表型分析提供理论依据和技术手段。方法根据文献报道,从GenBank中选取198个等位基因数量多、富含多态性的微卫星位点,以野生型动物为对照,对6种近交系遗传背景的转基因小鼠和5种自然基因突变的近交系小鼠进行微卫星多态性检测,选用1.5%琼脂糖凝胶电泳和STR扫描技术,比较分析微卫星不稳定性。结果共有40个微卫星位点在转基因和基因突变小鼠中表现出多态性。在基因突变小鼠中,微卫星不稳定性有55.6%(10/18)是由纯合变为杂合(Ⅰ型),有3个位点(16.6%,3/18)是纯合突变(Ⅱ型),有5个位点同时存在2种类型的突变。但是在转基因动物中,大多数的微卫星多态性为Ⅰ型突变(87.5%,28/32),只有2个位点(6.2%,2/32)是Ⅱ型突变。另外有2个位点同时存在2种类型的突变。结论基因修饰或基因突变可引起小鼠相关微卫星发生不稳定性,而且某些微卫星位点对基因改变敏感性较高。     

姜黄素对阿尔茨海默病小鼠海马InR和IGF1R表达的影响

目的观察姜黄素对阿尔茨海默病（Alzheimer＇sdisease,AD）模型APP／PS1双转基因小鼠胰岛素受体（insulinreceptor,InR）和胰岛素样生长因子1受体（insulin·likegrowthfactor1receptor,IGF1R）表达的影响。方法将3月龄的APP／PS1双转基因小鼠随机分为模型组、阳性罗格列酮对照组（每日10ms／kg）、姜黄素大（每日400mg／kg）、中（每日200mg／kg）、小剂量组（100mg／kg）,正常组为相同背景非转基因小鼠。灌胃3个月后,应用免疫组织化学和Westernblot方法进行检测。结果InR和IGF1R免疫组化染色,模型组小鼠大脑海马CA1区较正常对照组InR阳性细胞明显增加（P〈0．01）,姜黄素干预组有所恢复;而模型组小鼠大脑海马CA1区较正常对照组IGF1R阳性细胞明显减少（P〈0．01）,姜黄素干预组有所恢复。Western blot检测海马InR和IGF1R的蛋白表达结果与免疫组织化学检测结果一致。结论姜黄素可以使APP／PS1双转基因小鼠海马增加的InR和减少的IGF1R得以恢复,改善APP／PS1双转基因小鼠胰岛素信号转导。     

基于PCR DGGE的小鼠肠道菌群基因组提取方法的建立

通过比较4种小鼠粪便细菌总DNA提取方法对基于PCR-DGGE检测的肠道菌群多样性分析的影响,旨在建立适于PCR—DGGE的小鼠肠道微生物宏基因组提取的稳定、经济、快捷的方法。采用SDS裂解法、某国产市售粪便DNA提取试剂盒、改进的化学裂解法、改进的溶菌酶法4种方法提取小鼠粪便细菌总DNA,通过琼脂糖凝胶电泳、紫外分光光度法、细菌16S rRNAV3区PCR扩增结合DGGE对提取结果进行比较分析。SDS裂解法和国产市售试剂盒2种方法提取粪便细菌总DNA均未得到理想结果,另2种方法均能够检测到粪便中20种左右的细菌。改进的化学裂解法和改进的溶菌酶提取法的建立为基于PCR—DGGE进行肠道菌群结构的定量及定性分析提供了可靠的前提基础和实验保障。     

生物信息大分子功能的研究——酵母甘露聚糖对鼠Sarcoma-180瘤生长的抑制效应

酵母甘露聚糖（Mannan,简称Man）是能参与生物信息流影响生物体、特别是在糖基化方面起着重要调控作用的生物信息大分子.它是否能在抑制生物机体中肿瘤生长方面具有重要作用？研究结果表明：酵母甘露聚糖既能使患S-180瘤鼠的体质增强的同时又有抑制其体内所患S-180瘤生长的功效.Man抑制患鼠机体内的S-180瘤生长的功效（抑瘤率）随用量的增加而提高,当Man用量达360 mg（40 mg/Kg/d·9d）时,其抑瘤率达98.4％的最高水平,此时鼠体重增加1.66倍.Man的抑瘤功效有最佳适用量并存在性别敏感性,通常是雄性鼠的抑瘤率高于雌性鼠.Man抑制鼠S-180肿瘤生长的作用优于市售5-氟尿嘧啶的作用.     

Effects of maternal vitamin B12 deficiency from end of gestation to weaning on the growth and haematological and immunological parameters in mouse dams and offspring

Vitamin B₁₂-deficiency may induce specific symptoms as neurological alterations and unspecific symptoms such as anaemia and growth retardation. In this study, maternal vitamin B₁₂ deficiency from end of gestation to weaning was evaluated in mouse dams, which was provoked by feeding a vitamin B₁₂-deficient diet. The animals were divided into two groups (control and deficient). The control group received the vitamin B₁₂-deficient diet supplemented with commercial vitamin B₁₂. Compared to the control, the vitamin B₁₂-deficient dams and their offspring showed a significant decrease of body weight (by 20 and 39%, respectively), serum vitamin B₁₂ concentration (by 61 and 67%, respectively), haematological values as haematocrit (25 and 26%, respectively), and IgA producer cells (by 36 and 54%, respectively). In both, vitamin B₁₂-deficient mouse dams and their offspring, histological alterations of small intestine were observed, whereas growth retardation occurred in the offspring only. This experimental murine model allows assessing the incidence of maternal cobalamin deficiency in offspring and would be useful for evaluating novel adjuncts such as functional foods to prevent vitamin B₁₂ deficiency.     

A mutation in the Cdon gene potentiates congenital nevus development mediated by NRASQ61K

Congenital nevi develop before birth and sometimes cover large areas of the body. They are presumed to arise from the acquisition of a gene mutation in an embryonic melanocyte that becomes trapped in the dermis during development. Mice bearing the Cdk4^R24C::Tyr‐NRAS^Q61K transgenes develop congenital nevus‐like lesions by post‐natal day 10, from melanocytes escaping the confines of hair follicles. We interbred these mice with the collaborative cross (CC), a resource that enables identification of modifier genes for complex diseases (those where multiple genes are involved). We examined variation in nevus cell density in 66 CC strains and mapped a large‐effect quantitative trait locus (QTL) controlling nevus cell density to murine chromosome 9. The best candidate for a gene that exacerbates congenital nevus development in the context of an NRAS mutation is Cdon, a positive regulator of sonic hedgehog (Shh) that is expressed mainly in keratinocytes.     

Humanized mouse G6 anti-idiotypic monoclonal antibody has therapeutic potential against IGHV1-69 germline gene-based B-CLL

In 10–20% of the cases of chronic lymphocytic leukemia of B-cell phenotype (B-CLL), the IGHV1-69 germline is utilized as VH gene of the B cell receptor (BCR). Mouse G6 (MuG6) is an anti-idiotypic monoclonal antibody discovered in a screen against rheumatoid factors (RFs) that binds with high affinity to an idiotope expressed on the 51p1 alleles of IGHV1-69 germline gene encoded antibodies (G6-id⁺). The finding that unmutated IGHV1-69 encoded BCRs are frequently expressed on B-CLL cells provides an opportunity for anti-idiotype monoclonal antibody immunotherapy. In this study, we first showed that MuG6 can deplete B cells encoding IGHV1-69 BCRs using a novel humanized GTL mouse model. Next, we humanized MuG6 and demonstrated that the humanized antibodies (HuG6s), especially HuG6.3, displayed ～2-fold higher binding affinity for G6-id⁺ antibody compared to the parental MuG6. Additional studies showed that HuG6.3 was able to kill G6-id⁺ BCR expressing cells and patient B-CLL cells through antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) and complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC). Finally, both MuG6 and HuG6.3 mediate in vivo depletion of B-CLL cells in NSG mice. These data suggest that HuG6.3 may provide a new precision medicine to selectively kill IGHV1-69-encoding G6-id⁺ B-CLL cells.     

Utility of a human FcRn transgenic mouse model in drug discovery for early assessment and prediction of human pharmacokinetics of monoclonal antibodies

Therapeutic antibodies continue to develop as an emerging drug class, with a need for preclinical tools to better predict in vivo characteristics. Transgenic mice expressing human neonatal Fc receptor (hFcRn) have potential as a preclinical pharmacokinetic (PK) model to project human PK of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). Using a panel of 27 mAbs with a broad PK range, we sought to characterize and establish utility of this preclinical animal model and provide guidance for its application in drug development of mAbs. This set of mAbs was administered to both hemizygous and homozygous hFcRn transgenic mice (Tg32) at a single intravenous dose, and PK parameters were derived. Higher hFcRn protein tissue expression was confirmed by liquid chromatography-high resolution tandem mass spectrometry in Tg32 homozygous versus hemizygous mice. Clearance (CL) was calculated using non-compartmental analysis and correlations were assessed to historical data in wild-type mouse, non-human primate (NHP), and human. Results show that mAb CL in hFcRn Tg32 homozygous mouse correlate with human (r² = 0.83, r = 0.91, p < 0.01) better than NHP (r² = 0.67, r = 0.82, p < 0.01) for this dataset. Applying simple allometric scaling using an empirically derived best-fit exponent of 0.93 enabled the prediction of human CL from the Tg32 homozygous mouse within 2-fold error for 100% of mAbs tested. Implementing the Tg32 homozygous mouse model in discovery and preclinical drug development to predict human CL may result in an overall decreased usage of monkeys for PK studies, enhancement of the early selection of lead molecules, and ultimately a decrease in the time for a drug candidate to reach the clinic.