海洋生态系统服务价值评估研究综述

海洋生态系统服务是通过海洋生态系统的功能结构和生态过程,以物品和服务等方式直接或间接地给人类提供的效益。海洋生态系统服务价值衡量了海洋生态系统对人类经济社会的贡献度,加快海洋强国建设,急需加强海洋生态系统服务价值评价。通过对市场价值法、替代市场法和假想市场法三大类海洋生态系统服务价值评估方法进行比较分析后可知,各类方法各有利弊,但是,存在不同方法耦合和方法优化选择的空间。通过海岸带、近海、远洋等典型海洋生态系统服务价值评估的研究案例展现了海洋生态系统服务价值评估在海洋资源开发与保护的政策选择、海洋生态补偿与环境损害赔偿的价格决定中的重要作用。海洋生态系统服务价值评估研究前景广阔,在内涵认知深入化、评估方法科学化、评估指标体系化、结果应用广泛化等方面仍有进一步拓展空间。     

Easy parallel screening of reagent stability,quality control,and metrology in solid phase peptide synthesis (SPPS) and peptide couplings for microarrays

Evaluating the stability of coupling reagents, quality control (QC), and surface functionalization metrology are all critical to the production of high quality peptide microarrays. We describe a broadly applicable screening technique for evaluating the fidelity of solid phase peptide synthesis (SPPS), the stability of activation/coupling reagents, and a microarray surface metrology tool. This technique was used to assess the stability of the activation reagent 1‐{[1‐(Cyano‐2‐ethoxy‐2‐oxo‐ethylidenaminooxy)dimethylamino‐morpholinomethylene]}methaneaminiumHexafluorophosphate (COMU) (Sigma‐Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA) by SPPS of Leu‐Enkephalin (YGGFL) or the coupling of commercially synthesized YGGFL peptides to (3‐aminopropyl)triethyoxysilane‐modified glass surfaces. Coupling efficiency was quantitated by fluorescence signaling based on immunoreactivity of the YGGFL motif. It was concluded that COMU solutions should be prepared fresh and used within 5 h when stored at ~23 °C and not beyond 24 h if stored refrigerated, both in closed containers. Caveats to gauging COMU stability by absorption spectroscopy are discussed. Commercial YGGFL peptides needed independent QC, due to immunoreactivity variations for the same sequence synthesized by different vendors. This technique is useful in evaluating the stability of other activation/coupling reagents besides COMU and as a metrology tool for SPPS and peptide microarrays. Copyright © 2015 European Peptide Society and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Riparian plant community responses to increased flooding: a meta‐analysis

A future higher risk of severe flooding of streams and rivers has been projected to change riparian plant community composition and species richness, but the extent and direction of the expected change remain uncertain. We conducted a meta‐analysis to synthesize globally available experimental evidence and assess the effects of increased flooding on (1) riparian adult plant and seedling survival, (2) riparian plant biomass and (3) riparian plant species composition and richness. We evaluated which plant traits are of key importance for the response of riparian plant species to flooding. We identified and analysed 53 papers from ISI Web of Knowledge which presented quantitative experimental results on flooding treatments and corresponding control situations. Our meta‐analysis demonstrated how longer duration of flooding, greater depth of flooding and, particularly, their combination reduce seedling survival of most riparian species. Plant height above water level, ability to elongate shoots and plasticity in root porosity were decisive for adult plant survival and growth during longer periods of flooding. Both ‘quiescence’ and ‘escape’ proved to be successful strategies promoting riparian plant survival, which was reflected in the wide variation in survival (full range between 0 and 100%) under fully submerged conditions, while plants that protrude above the water level (>20 cm) almost all survive. Our survey confirmed that the projected increase in the duration and depth of flooding periods is sufficient to result in species shifts. These shifts may lead to increased or decreased riparian species richness depending on the nutrient, climatic and hydrological status of the catchment. Species richness was generally reduced at flooded sites in nutrient‐rich catchments and sites that previously experienced relatively stable hydrographs (e.g. rain‐fed lowland streams). Species richness usually increased at sites in desert and semi‐arid climate regions (e.g. intermittent streams).     

Representation of herpetofauna in wildlife research journals

Two groups of wildlife species that are critical for the maintenance of biological diversity in a variety of habitats and who fill a number of functional roles in these habitats are reptiles (Gibbons et al. 2000, Ernst and Lovich 2009) and amphibians (Semlitsch 2003). Globally, reptiles and amphibians (i.e., herpetofauna) make up 46% of species richness of terrestrial vertebrates, but the prevalence of herpetofauna investigations in wildlife research and management journals has not been explored. Our objective was to review representation of herpetofauna in 6 wildlife research journals from 1980 to 2009 to examine whether their representation parallels their contribution to global terrestrial vertebrate species richness, whether their representation has changed over time and how, and whether subsets of herpetofauna garner disproportionate coverage relative to one another. We ran a keyword search in Web of Science database (formerly ISI Web of Science) within the Web of Knowledge search engine published by Thomson Reuters (2010) on 6 wildlife research journals (European Journal of Wildlife Research [formerly Zeitschrift für Jagdwissenschaft], Journal of Wildlife Management, South African Journal of Wildlife Research, Wildlife Biology, Wildlife Research, and Wildlife Society Bulletin) from 1980 to 2009. We searched for 17 terms relevant to herpetofauna (e.g., toad, tortoise). Our search yielded 315 articles that focused on herpetofauna. Over the 30-year period, we found the number of articles and pages and percentage of journal space devoted to herpetofauna increased. However, at best, <6% of journal space was devoted to herpetofauna, indicating that these species are greatly under-represented in wildlife literature given their contributions to species richness and diversity and ecosystem function. Although absolute number of articles and pages has increased, little progress has been made in terms of relative representation of herpetofauna as compared to birds and mammals. Although percentage of pages in wildlife journals dedicated to herpetofauna has increased in the past 30 years, they must garner greater representation to enable us to adequately manage for biological diversity and ecosystem function and integrity. © 2011 The Wildlife Society.     

Non‐morph specific predation of peppered moths (Biston betularia) by bats

Abstract 1. Industrial melanism in the peppered moth, Biston betularia, is one of the foremost examples of natural selection in action. 2. Differential bird predation was suggested as the main agent for the evolution of melanism in the peppered moth by Tutt in the 1890s, with empirical support being published by Kettlewell in the 1950s. 3. Some recent critiques that have attempted to undermine Kettlewell’s work have lacked objectivity, and have been answered previously. 4. One criticism that has not previously been addressed is that of the role of bat predation in the case. 5. The difficulty of using non‐visual differential predation by bats to explain the increase and decrease in melanism in the peppered moth, correlated as it is to pollution levels, is outlined. 6. Predation experiments, in which moths of the typica and carbonaria forms of the peppered moth were released and observed at night, were used to determine whether bats differentially predate these forms. 7. Results of experiments at three sites showed no significant differences in the level of bat predation of the two forms of peppered moth.     

Vegetation of Southern Patagonia in the 1970s – Digitization of a gray-literature data set as a monitoring baseline in a changing world

Monitoring vegetation trends against objective baselines is fundamental to quantify the impacts of global change on plant biodiversity. Vegetation plot time series are a gold standard in vegetation monitoring, but such data are missing for many regions. Southern Patagonia is an example of a region strongly impacted by climate change but lacking time series data. Monitoring in this region could benefit from a comparison with vegetation survey data gathered between 1975 and 1979, as part of the multidisciplinary research program “Transecta botánica de la Patagonia austral” (hereafter Transecta). Published in 1985, it contains data on 668 vegetation plots, which were so far inaccessible to most researchers: Transecta has never been reprinted, nor fully digitized, and can only be found in specialized libraries. Here, we created a reproducible workflow, documenting how vegetation plot data from historical sources can be extracted and harmonized. The resulting open-access database we created fills a major regional gap and provides a needed baseline to assess the impacts of global change on southern Patagonia vegetation. By making these data available, we hope to inspire a new generation of vegetation scientists to resurvey the area and continue the legacy of the pioneer researchers who compiled Transecta.     

Comparative Epistemology: Contours of a Research Program

This article addresses the question whether and how literary documents can be used to further our understanding of a number of key issues on the agenda of the philosophy of biology such as “complexity” and “reductionism”. Kant already granted a certain respectability to aesthetical experiences of nature in his third Critique. Subsequently, the philosophical movement known as phenomenology often used literary sources and literary techniques to criticize and question mainstream laboratory science. The article discusses a number of literary documents, from Moby-Dick to Jurassic Park, that explicitly stage a confrontation between scientific and non-scientific ways of experiencing and understanding the natural world. Special attention is given to the work of Michael Crichton. Its relevance for the philosophy of biology is pointed out.     

Transnational Identities and the Subversion of the Italian Language in Geneviève Makaping, Christiana de Caldas Brito, and Jarmila Očkayová

In this article I analyze literary works written in the Italian language by three women authors: Geneviève Makaping (who migrated to Italy from Cameroon), Christiana de Caldas Brito (from Brazil) and Jarmila Očkayová (from Slovakia). In these texts migration is not only a biographical experience, it is an existential condition: a kind of critical consciousness where knowledge and behaviour are not taken for granted. The article focuses on the different strategies adopted by the three migrant writers to subvert the normativity of language in order to represent their experience of crossing different physical and/or metaphorical borders. According to them, this experience transforms their subjectivity in a space open to multiple belongings, turning the fragmentation of their identity into a source of empowerment.     

能源预测预警理论与方法研究进展

能源作为一种稀缺性的战略资源是国民经济增长和社会进步的物质基础,但是随着化石能源耗竭及能源使用造成的环境问题日趋严重,能源安全问题逐渐成为关注的焦点,而能源预测预警也成为能源系统科学领域的新兴学科,其内容包含能源安全理论、基于模型的能源供需预测和基于安全评价指标体系的能源预警等方面内容。通过系统回顾能源安全的理论及其演变的历程,重点综述了自上而下、自下而上和混合建模3种建模思路的能源预测模型,探讨了三类模型的优点和局限性,并根据能源安全预警评价指标浓缩信息的程度,将现有预警评价体系划分单个型指标评价体系和聚合型指标评价体系两大类。通过对以上研究内容的总结分析,明确了当前能源预测预警研究各领域的研究进展,及其在理论和应用方面的优势与不足。在未来研究中,建议从供应链的角度出发,考虑能源系统内部各因素及与外部因素的相互作用,构建基于链式的预警体系,以有效弥补现有研究中的不足。     

一种基于MeSH主题词的临床?鄄组学关系挖掘方法

癌症的发生发展与机体内基因的改变有密切联系,在临床上表现为症状或检测指标的异常．通过挖掘分析临床表现与基因改变之间的关系,可为癌症早期诊断和精准治疗提供临床决策支持．从文献数据出发,利用结论性数据挖掘基因与临床表现的关系具有重要意义．本文提出一种基于医学主题词(Medical Subject Headings,MeSH)的生物医学实体关系挖掘方法．该方法利用PubMed中提供的文献信息,借用向量空间模型思想,使用MeSH主题词矢量表达待研究实体,引入文献相互引用因素对结果进行修正,将关系挖掘转化为矢量间的数学运算,实现定量分析．本文将该方法应用于结直肠癌临床表现和基因关系的研究中,得到与结直肠癌相关的203个基因和对应的临床-基因462个关系．通过结合使用基因功能和通路分析工具g:Profiler和KEGG等,对结果进行分析验证．结果表明,基于MeSH主题词的文献挖掘方法,避免传统“共现”方法对发现潜在关系的限制和复杂语义分析带来的大量计算,为生物实体之间潜在关系的挖掘提供一种新的思路和方法．