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31.
Methods of hatching the eggs and rearing the fundatrices of the English grain aphid, Sitobion avenae
Several methods for hatching the eggs and rearing individuals of the first generation (fundatrices) of Sitobion avenae were investigated. The most successful methods were incubation of the eggs on grass seedlings at 2°C and rearing the fundatrices on grass seedlings (overall survival 66%) and incubation of the eggs in plastic boxes at 2°C and rearing the fundatrices on wheat seedlings (overall survival 62%).
Résumé L'éclosion des oeufs de S. avenae peut être induite par le transfert à 10°C ou 12°C, après une incubation de 75–120 jours à 2°C. Le pourcentage le plus élevé d'éclosions a été obtenu quand les oeufs avaient incubé pendant 100 à 110 jours à 2°C (67% at 71.5% respectivement) dans des petites boîtes de plastique, ou pendant 100 jours à 2°C sur des pousses de graminées (73.5%). Si les oeufs sont pondus sur blé, la plante ne peut pas tolérer la période d'incubation, mais cet obstacle peut être surmonté en obligeant les ovipares à pondre leurs oeufs sur de pousses de graminées, comme Poa annua, hôte convenable pour les fondatrices. Les ovipares peuvent aussi pondre sans difficultés sur autre chose que des végétaux, et des récipients peuvent ètre mis à incuber sans contenir du matériel végétal.相似文献
32.
Torsten Mattfeldt 《Journal of mathematical biology》1987,25(6):685-695
The absolute volume of biological objects is often estimated stereologically from an exhaustive set of systematic sections. The usual volume estimator
is the sum of the section contents times the distance between sections. For systematic sectioning with a random start, it has been recently shown that
is unbiased when m, the ratio between projected object length and section distance, is an integer number (Cruz-Orive 1985). As this quantity is no integer in the real world, we have explored the properties of
in the general and realistic situation m . The unbiasedness of
under appropriate sampling conditions is demonstrated for the arbitrary compact set in 3 dimensions by a rigorous proof. Exploration of further properties of
for the general triaxial ellipsoid leads to a new class of non-elementary real functions with common formal structure which we denote as np-functions. The relative mean square error (CE
2) of
in ellipsoids is an oscillating differentiable np-function, which reduces to the known result CE
2= 1/(5m
4) for integer m. As a biological example the absolute volumes of 10 left cardiac ventricles and their internal cavities were estimated from systematic sections. Monte Carlo simulation of replicated systematic sectioning is shown to be improved by using m instead of m . In agreement with the geometric model of ellipsoids with some added shape irregularities, mean empirical CE was proportional to m
–1.36 and m–1.73 in the cardiac ventricle and its cavity. The considerable variance reduction by systematic sectioning is shown to be a geometric realization of the principle of antithetic variates. 相似文献
33.
Summary The study of gonadal organogenesis and differentiation by means of light and electron microscopy suggested the following in Helix aspersa: (1) the distal parts of the acini have components of mesodermal origin, whereas the neck and efferent duct comprise ectodermal elements; (2) a segregation of a germinal line occurs early, during the embryonic life; (3) in juvenile and adult animals, male and female cells arise from a germinal ring located at the base of the acinar neck. Apart from developing oocytes, the epithelium lining the distal region of the acini consists of somatic cells (Sertoli and follicle cells). 相似文献
34.
Douglas M. Templeton Anna Paudyn Andrew D. Baines 《Biological trace element research》1989,22(1):17-33
Interest in the biological behavior of a growing number of elements, along with increasing recognition of the importance of interactions among them, demands a versatile and reliable technique for multielement analysis of biological samples. Significant improvements over the sensitivity achieved with conventional inductively coupled plasma (ICP) optical emission spectrometries have been realized with the introduction of quadrupole mass spectrometry (MS) for detection of ions in the plasma. The hybrid technique of ICP-MS promises to be a method of rapid multielement analysis, at detection limits that approach or surpass those of other technologies. However, the application of ICP-MS to analyses of biological interest is truly in its infancy. Here we report the use of ICP-MS for the determination of more than 30 elements of biological interest in a tissue and a biological fluid (rat liver and serum, respectively). Experimental values of the elements serve as a basis for discussion of analytical protocols, performance criteria, and certain problems peculiar to ICP-MS. 相似文献
35.
The viability ofMycobacterium leprae, maintained within 33B Schwannoma cells, was estimated in terms of incorporation of [14C] acetate into its specific phenolic glycolipid-1. This measure of viability was correlated with two other assays,viz., fluorescein diacetate/ethidium bromide staining and mouse footpad growth. Observation of a 2-fold increase in the number
of intracellularMycobacterium leprae over an experimental period of 12 days also corroborated this contention. Furthermore, on addition of anti-leprosy drugs
to these intracellularMycobacterium leprae there was significant decrease in phenolic glycolipid-1 synthesis indicative of loss of viability of the organisms. This
study also established the importance of the host cell for active bacillary metabolism, asMycobacterium leprae maintained in cell-free conditions showed no incorporation into phenolic glycolipid-1. Moreover, compromising the host’s
protein synthesis capacity with cycloheximide, also led to reduction in bacillary metabolism. As this system measures the
metabolic synthesis of a uniqueMycobacterium leprae component, it would be useful for development and screening of compounds acting against specific bacillary targets. 相似文献
36.
Masafumi Abe Naoya Nakamura Shirou Fukuhara Takamasa Hayashi Keiki Kawakami Kenkichi Kita Toshifumi Kinoshita Toyoro Ohsato Haruki Wakasa 《Virchows Archiv. B, Cell pathology including molecular pathology》1990,59(1):107-113
A new human acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) cell line, designated HBL-3, was established from the bone marrow of a patient
with non-T-ALL. The HBL-3 cell line expressed B4 (CD 19), BA-1 (CD 24) and HLA-DR antigens, but not surface immunoglobulin
(SIg) or cytoplasmic immunoglobulin (CIg). The cell line lacked the common acute lymphoblastic leukemia antigen (CALLA) and
antigenic markers characteristic of T-cell and myeloid cell lineages. The HBL-3 cells had structural rearrangements of both
the homologous chromosome 9s, including a translocation with chromosome 1 which has been reported in a patient with common
ALL. The cell line had rearranged immunoglobulin heavy chain genes but retained germ-line κ light chain genes and germ-line
T-cell receptorβ- and γ-chain genes. The HBL-3 cell line was strongly positive for terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT). These findings
indicate that the HBL-3 cell line is derived from the earliest B-cell committed to B-cell lineage. 相似文献
37.
The effects of TGF1 on cell cycle events in a rat liver derived epithelial cell line (BL9) and in two in vitro transformants of this line were studied by flow cytometry. Using either ethidium bromide staining or the incorporation of bromodeoxyuridine to evaluate DNA synthesis it was shown that TGF1 prevented the entry of G0/G1 phase BL9 cells into S phase. TGF1 did not exert its inhibitory effect(s) on DNA synthesis by the modulation of early events in the cell cycle. The tumorigenic transformed BL9 cell lines gave contrasting responses to the effects of TGF1. DNA synthesis in a BL9 cell line derived by transfection with an active N-ras oncogene was unaffected by TFG1 and thus appeared refractory to its growth controlling effects. On the other hand cells from a BL9 cell line derived by in vitro transformation with activated aflatoxin B1 retained their sensitivity to the effects of TGF1. Thus the loss of the inhibitory effect of TGF1 on DNA synthesis is not obligatory for the malignant transformation of rat liver epithelial cells.Abbreviations TGF1
transforming growth factor 1
- BSA
bovine serum albumin
- FBS
foetal bovine serum
- BrdUrd
bromodeoxyuridine
- PI
propidium iodide
- PBS
phosphate buffered saline 相似文献
38.
Kazuhisa Toyoda Takuya Sugahara Kunio Inouye Koji Yamada Sanetaka Shirahata Hiroki Murakami 《Cytotechnology》1990,3(2):189-197
An immunoglobulin (Ig) production stimulating factor (IPSF) for hybridomas was found in spent medium of the human B lymphoblastoid cell line, HO-323. The IPSF was purified by serial use of DEAE chromatography, ultrafiltration, gel filtration and HPLC-DEAE chromatography. Purified IPSF was estimated to be a 410 k macro molecule by gel filtration, and contained three types of isomers which were separated from each other by native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. All of the isomers were, however, assumed to have the same protein components by SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis.The IPSF was effective for human-human and mouse-mouse hybridomas producing IgM, but not for IgG producers in the experimental condition used here. Human-human hybridoma HF10B4, cultured in IPSF-containing medium, produced 20 times more IgM than in IPSF-free medium under serum-free conditions. The IPSF showed very little proliferation stimulating activity on HF10B4 cells. 相似文献
39.
Allometric methods can be used to test quantitative theories of the relationship between brain size and body size across species,
and to search for ecological, behavioural, life history, and ontogenetic correlates of brain size. Brain size scales with
an allometric exponent of around 0.75 against body size across mammals, but is closer to 0.56 for birds and for reptiles.
The slope of the allometric line often varies depending upon the taxonomic level of analysis. However, this phenomenon, at
least in mammals, may be a statistical artifact. Brain size for a given body size (relative brain size) varies among orders
in birds and mammals, and some dietary associations with relative brain size have been found in particular taxa. Developmental
status at birth is the most consistent correlate of relative brain size: precocial neonates have larger brains for a given
maternal size than altricial neonates in both birds and mammals. Altricial neonates, however, have more brain growth following
birth, and in birds also have larger relative adult brain sizes. Energetic explanations for differences in neonatal brain
growth, although attractive on theoretical grounds, have largely failed to stand up to empirical tests. 相似文献
40.
Filtration rate capacities in 6 species of European freshwater bivalves 总被引:12,自引:0,他引:12
Summary Filtration rate capacities in undisturbed freshwater bivalves were determined by means of two different methods (indirect clearance and suction methods) in Anodonta anatina (L.), Unio tumidus Philipsson, Unio pictorum (L.), Unio crassus Philipsson, Dreissena polymorpha (Pallas) and Sphaerium corneum (L.). In A. anatina, D. polymorpha, and S. corneum the filtration rate (FR, 1 h-1) at 19–20°C as a function of dry tissue weight (DW, g) or ash-free dry weight (AFDW, g) could be expressed by the equations: 1.10 DW0.78, 6.82 DW0.88, and 2.14 AFDW0.92, respectively. In U. tumidus, U. pictorum, and U. crassus filtration rates were comparable with those of A. anatina. In D. polymorpha the b value of the corresponding regression of gill area on dry weight was 0.87. The rates of water transport in freshwater bivalves are 2–8 times lower than in marine bivalves of comparable size. A corresponding difference in the filtration rate per gill area unit is found. The measured filtration rates in undisturbed bivalves are substantially higher (at least 4 times) than previously reported. This indicates that the impact of bivalve water processing on freshwater ecosystems is greater than hitherto suggested. 相似文献