大黄鱼池塘不同混养模式生态学特征比较

利用菊花江蓠、双齿围沙蚕和大黄鱼在陆基围隔中构建鱼+藻(FG)、鱼+藻+沙蚕(FGP)以及鱼+沙蚕(FP)3种复合养殖模式,以单养鱼(F)模式为对照,探讨不同模式系统的沉积物、水体环境状况、养殖效益及氮、磷元素的回收效率.结果表明:菊花江蓠主要作用于系统水体中氮和磷的净化,具藻处理中氮、磷含量均显著低于无藻处理,对于水体环境中磷的利用效率达到投入量的33.8%～34.0%;沙蚕作用主要体现在对沉积物环境的改善,具沙蚕处理中氮、磷含量低于不具沙蚕处理,且在沉积物表层(1～2 cm)和次表层(2～4 cm)差异均显著.相对于F处理,FGP及FP处理总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)和无机磷(IP)分别下降了8.9%～9.2%、6.1%～6.3%和8.0%～8.1%.沙蚕对于沉积物中磷的回收达到投入量的7.5%～7.8%,有效减缓了磷在沉积物中的积累.FGP系统具有最佳的物质利用率及资源效益.     

接种蚯蚓对油菜籽粒产量和含油率的影响

通过田间接种试验,研究了威廉腔环蚓(Metaphire guillelmi)活动对冬油菜(Brassica napus)中双9号产量构成因素、籽粒产量和含油率的影响.结果表明:接种蚯蚓后,中双9号的一次有效分枝数、主花序角果数、每角粒数和千粒重均较未接种对照有增加趋势,但差异不显著;而单株角果数、单株产量和小区产量较对照显著提高,分别比对照增加了36.7%、46.5%和29.7%,这可能与蚯蚓促进油菜营养生长阶段植株生长及对氮素的吸收、累积有关.接种蚯蚓后,油菜籽粒含油率较对照有所降低,但由于蚯蚓活动显著提高了油菜籽粒产量,因此单株产油量和小区产油量仍比对照提高了37.4%和21.0%.     

酵母脂肪酶的制备及应用新进展

脂肪酶是工业领域应用非常广泛的一类绿色生物催化剂,由于脂肪酶可催化酯水解、酯化、转酯化、醇解和氨解等多种反应,在食品加工,有机合成,制备生物柴油等方面均得到了较为广泛的应用,是目前的研究热点.微生物是脂肪酶的重要来源之一,其中酵母脂肪酶被认为是非常安全的一类脂肪酶,也是应用最为广泛的一类脂肪酶.该文介绍了酵母脂肪酶的制备和应用研究概况,重点综述了其在多个应用领域中的最新研究进展.挖掘更多的新型高活性脂肪酶,降低脂肪酶的生产成本,提高酶的重复使用率是今后脂肪酶应用研究亟待解决的问题.     

Catalytic De/Hydrogenation in Mg by Co‐Doped Ni and VOx on Active Carbon: Extremely Fast Kinetics at Low Temperatures and High Hydrogen Capacity

A multi‐component catalyst Ni‐VO_x/AC (VO_x is comprised of V₂O₅ and VO₂, x = 2.18) was synthesized by a wet impregnation method. The synthesized Ni‐VO_x/AC shows a superior catalytic effect on de/hydrogenation of Mg. The MgH₂+Ni‐VO_x/AC composites can absorb 6.2 wt.‐% hydrogen within only 1 min at 150 °C under a hydrogen pressure of 2 MPa and desorb 6.5 wt.‐% hydrogen within 10 min at 300 °C under an initial hydrogen pressure of 1 KPa, which overcomes a critical barrier for practical use of Mg as a hydrogen storage material. A significant decrease of activation energy (E_a) indicates that Ni‐VO_x/AC catalyst is highly efficient for Mg de/hydrogenation, which may be ascribed to the synergistic effect of bimetals (metal oxides) and nanocarbon.     

Effect of precipitation variability on net primary production and soil respiration in a Chihuahuan Desert grassland

Precipitation regimes are predicted to become more variable with more extreme rainfall events punctuated by longer intervening dry periods. Water‐limited ecosystems are likely to be highly responsive to altered precipitation regimes. The bucket model predicts that increased precipitation variability will reduce soil moisture stress and increase primary productivity and soil respiration in aridland ecosystems. To test this hypothesis, we experimentally altered the size and frequency of precipitation events during the summer monsoon (July through September) in 2007 and 2008 in a northern Chihuahuan Desert grassland in central New Mexico, USA. Treatments included (1) ambient rain, (2) ambient rain plus one 20 mm rain event each month, and (3) ambient rain plus four 5 mm rain events each month. Throughout two monsoon seasons, we measured soil temperature, soil moisture content (θ), soil respiration (R_s), along with leaf‐level photosynthesis (A_net), predawn leaf water potential (Ψ_pd), and seasonal aboveground net primary productivity (ANPP) of the dominant C₄ grass, Bouteloua eriopoda. Treatment plots receiving a single large rainfall event each month maintained significantly higher seasonal soil θ which corresponded with a significant increase in R_s and ANPP of B. eriopoda when compared with plots receiving multiple small events. Because the strength of these patterns differed between years, we propose a modification of the bucket model in which both the mean and variance of soil water change as a consequence of interannual variability from 1 year to the next. Our results demonstrate that aridland ecosystems are highly sensitive to increased precipitation variability, and that more extreme precipitation events will likely have a positive impact on some aridland ecosystem processes important for the carbon cycle.     

Effect of climate change over the past half century on the distribution,extent and NPP of ecosystems of Inner Mongolia

The response of natural vegetation to climate change is of global concern. In this research, changes in the spatial pattern of major terrestrial ecosystems from 1956 to 2006 in Inner Mongolia of China were analyzed with the Holdridge Life Zone (HLZ) model in a GIS environment, and net primary production (NPP) of natural vegetation was evaluated with the Synthetic model, to determine the effect of climate change on the ecosystem. The results showed that climate warming and drying strongly influenced ecosystems. Decreased precipitation and the subsequent increase in temperature and potential evapotranspiration caused a severe water deficiency, and hence decreased ecosystem productivity. Climate change also influenced the spatial distribution of HLZs. In particular, new HLZs began to appear, such as Warm temperate desert scrub in 1981 and Warm temperate thorn steppe in 2001. The relative area of desert (Cool temperate desert scrub, Warm temperate thorn steppe, Warm temperate desert scrub, Cool temperate desert and Warm temperate desert) increased by 50.2% over the last half century, whereas the relative area of forest (Boreal moist forest and Cool moist forest) decreased by 36.5%. Furthermore, the area of Cool temperate steppe has continuously decreased at a rate of 5.7% per decade; if the current rate of decrease continues, this HLZ could disappear in 173 years. The HLZs had a large shift range with the mean center of the relative life zones of desert shifting northeast, resulting a decrease in the steppe and forest area and an increase in the desert area. In general, a strong effect of climate change on ecosystems was indicated. Therefore, the important role of climate change must be integrated into rehabilitation strategies of ecosystem degradation of Inner Mongolia.     

Conformational space search of Neuromedin C using replica exchange molecular dynamics and molecular dynamics

The present study involves the utilization of replica exchange molecular dynamics (REMD) methodology to explore the conformational space of Neuromedin C (NMC) using implicit (REMD^implicit) and explicit (REMD^explicit) water models. Comparison of the structures obtained from these simulations indicate that REMD^explicit trajectory display a greater tendency to induce β‐turns and bent structures as compared to those obtained from the REMD^implicit simulation. Moreover, two additional MD trajectories performed using Langevin (MD^Lang) and Berendsen (MD^Berend) algorithms under generalized born (GB) solvent conditions were also suitably competent to sample similar kinds of conformations, although the extent of beta turns was low compared to those observed in REMD^explicit simulation. Finally, the comparison of results obtained from all the trajectories and those derived from the NMR studies of Ni(II) complex of NMC indicates that the REMD under explicit conditions is more efficient in sampling the conformations, and show good agreement with the experimental results. Copyright © 2010 European Peptide Society and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

An in vitro screening method to evaluate chemicals as potential chemotherapeutants to control Aeromonas hydrophila infection in channel catfish

Aims: To develop an in vitro screening method to be used for identifying potential effective chemotherapeutants to control Aeromonas hydrophila infections. Methods and Results: Using catfish gill cells G1B and four chemicals (hydrogen peroxide, sodium chloride, potassium permanganate and d ‐mannose), the feasibility of using an in vitro screening method to identify potential effective chemotherapeutants was evaluated in this study. In vitro screening results revealed that, at concentration of 100 mg l^?1, H₂O₂ was the only chemical tested that was able to completely abolish the attachment and invasion of Aer. hydrophila to catfish gill cells. In vivo virulence studies using live channel catfish through bath immersion confirmed that H₂O₂ was the only chemical tested that was able to significantly (P < 0·001) reduce the mortality (from 90 or 100% to 0 or 20%) caused by Aer. hydrophila infections. Conclusions: The in vitro screening method using catfish gill cells G1B could be used to initially identify potential effective chemotherapeutants to control Aer. hydrophila. Significance and Impact of the Study: An in vitro screening method using catfish gill cells to identify potential effective chemotherapeutants described here will cut cost in research compared with the method of using live fish to screen lead compounds for fish disease control.     

Influence of growth temperature on the production of antibody Fab fragments in different microbes: a host comparative analysis

Microorganisms encounter diverse stress conditions in their native habitats but also during fermentation processes, which have an impact on industrial process performance. These environmental stresses and the physiological reactions they trigger, including changes in the protein folding/secretion machinery, are highly interrelated. Thus, the investigation of environmental factors, which influence protein expression and secretion is still of great importance. Among all the possible stresses, temperature appears particularly important for bioreactor cultivation of recombinant hosts, as reductions of growth temperature have been reported to increase recombinant protein production in various host organisms. Therefore, the impact of temperature on the secretion of proteins with therapeutic interest, exemplified by a model antibody Fab fragment, was analyzed in five different microbial protein production hosts growing under steady-state conditions in carbon-limited chemostat cultivations. Secretory expression of the heterodimeric antibody Fab fragment was successful in all five microbial host systems, namely Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Pichia pastoris, Trichoderma reesei, Escherichia coli and Pseudoalteromonas haloplanktis. In this comparative analysis we show that a reduction of cultivation temperature during growth at constant growth rate had a positive effect on Fab 3H6 production in three of four analyzed microorganisms, indicating common physiological responses, which favor recombinant protein production in prokaryotic as well as eukaryotic microbes.