巴东过路黄中三萜皂苷及其体外抗肿瘤活性研究

从巴东过路黄(Lysimachia patungensis)95%乙醇提取物的正丁醇萃取部位中,分离到2个齐墩果烷型三萜皂苷,经光谱鉴定,分别为ardicrenin(1)和ardisiacrispinA(2)。体外抗肿瘤实验显示ardicrenin(1)对人脑胶质瘤(SWO-38)、口腔上皮癌(KB)、人乳腺癌(MCF-7)和人宫颈癌(Hela)细胞的半数毒性浓度(TC50)分别为3.16、3.16、2.97、2.42μmol/L,ArdisiacrispinA(2)对上述细胞的TC50分别为3.96、3.01、1.98、2.73μmol/L。     

药源植物盾叶薯蓣甾体皂苷及皂苷元的研究进展

盾叶薯蓣是重要的甾体激素类药源植物,其根茎中薯蓣皂苷元含量居薯蓣属植物之冠,为我国的特有种。为了寻找高含量的资源、筛选新的生理活性成分,多年来我国学者做了大量的研究工作。主要概括了盾叶薯蓣的资源分布、薯蓣皂苷元的提取工艺、化学成分、药理、含量测定等方面的研究。     

Effect of plant growth regulators on growth and biosynthesis of phenolic compounds in genetically transformed hairy roots of<Emphasis Type="Italic">Panax ginseng</Emphasis> C. A. Meyer

In this study, morphological alterations, biomass growth, and secondary metabolite production of genetically transformed hairy roots ofPanax ginseng C. A. Meyer, were evaluated after administration of plant growth regulators. The addition of benzylamino purine and kinetin to the culture media increased biomass formation and phenolic compound biosynthesis in the hairy roots. α-Naphthaleneacetic acid and indole-3-butyric acid inhibited hairy root growth, however, low concentrations of indole-3-acetic acid slightly increased hairy root growth. Low concentrations of 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid profoundly inhibited growth of hairy roots. The addition of plant growth regulators, such as auxin, did not increase total phenolic compounds in hairy roots that did not contain gibberellic acid and cytokinins. Callus formation was induced in cultures suspended in liquid medium amended with benzylamino purine and kinetin. Hairy roots regenerated from these calluses exhibited an active growth pattern with extensive lateral branching in non-amended medium, similar to the growth pattern of the original hairy roots.     

Authentication of traditional Chinese medicine using infrared spectroscopy: distinguishing between ginseng and its morphological fakes

The quality of pharmaceutical products such as ginseng is important for ensuring consumer safety and efficacy. Ginseng is an expensive herb, and adulteration with other cheaper products may occur. Quality assurance of ginseng is needed since many of its commercial products now come in various formulations such as capsules, powder, softgels and tea. Thus traditional means of authentication via smell, taste or physical appearance are hardly reliable. Herbs like ginseng tend to exhibit characteristic infrared fingerprints due to their different chemical constituents. Here we report for the first time a rapid means of distinguishing American and Asian ginsengs from two morphological fakes – sawdust and Platycodon grandiflorum, via pattern differences and principal component analysis of their infrared spectra. Our results show that ginseng can be distinguished from both sawdust and Platycodon grandiflorum, hence there is a potential of using infrared spectroscopy as a novel analytical technique in the authentication of ginseng.     

American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius) prevents glucose-induced oxidative stress and associated endothelial abnormalities

Purpose

Ginseng (Araliaceae), demonstrates widespread biological effects because of its purported antioxidant and other properties. The present study was undertaken to investigate the effects of American ginseng root extract on glucose-induced oxidative stress and associated oxidative damage to human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs).

Methods

Following pretreatment with various concentrations of ginseng (alcoholic extract), HUVECs were incubated with various concentrations of d-glucose ranging from 5 to 25 mmol/l for 24 h. l-Glucose was used at a concentration of 25 mmol/l as a control.

Results

Glucose-induced oxidative stress detected by intracellular reactive oxygen species accumulation, superoxide anion generation and DNA damage in HUVECs were significantly prevented by ginseng. Treatment of HUVECs with ginseng further led to significant prevention of glucose-induced NF-κB activation. Glucose-induced increase in fibronectin (FN), EDB⁺FN (a splice variant of FN), endothelin-1 (ET-1) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) mRNAs and protein levels were also prevented by ginseng treatment.

Conclusion

These data indicate that American ginseng prevented glucose-induced damage in the HUVECs through its antioxidant properties.     

小型生物反应器内人参不定根的人参皂苷累积

对小型生物反应器(3~10 L)培养人参不定根的生长和人参皂苷(Rg1、Re、Rb1)的累积规律,以及蔗糖浓度、初始接种量对其生长和人参皂苷累积的影响进行研究。结果表明:小型生物反应器内人参不定根的最佳收获周期为7周。初始接种量和蔗糖浓度影响生物反应器内人参不定根的生长和人参皂苷的累积,20或40 g/L蔗糖对人参不定根的生长和人参皂苷的累积优于60 g/L蔗糖;5和10 L生物反应器内最佳初始接种量分别为15和30g,其不定根的生长量分别为9.29和19.17 g,人参皂苷含量分别为5.16和4.58 mg/g。生物反应器内培养7周的人参与栽培4年的人参相比,人参皂苷Rg1和Re含量相差不大,但栽培人参中Rb1的含量远高于生物反应器中所培养的人参不定根。     

A new steroidal saponin from Allium ampeloprasum var. porrum with antiinflammatory and gastroprotective effects

A new steroidal saponin was isolated from the bulbs of Allium ampeloprasum var. porrum. On the basis of chemical conversions and detailed analyses of ¹H and ¹³C NMR spectra including 2D NMR spectroscopic techniques, its structure was established as 3-[(O-β-d-glucopyranosyl-(1 → 3)-β-d-glucopyranosyl-(1 → 2)-O-[O-β-d-glucopyranosyl-(1 → 3)]-O-β-d-glucopyranosyl-(1 → 4)-β-d-galactopyranosyl)oxy]-2,6-dihydroxy-(2α,3β,5α,6β,25R)-spirostane. Results of the present study indicated that the steroidal saponin showed haemolytic effects in the in vitro assays and demonstrated antiinflammatory activity and gastroprotective property using in vivo models.     

Adventitious root growth and ginsenoside accumulation in Panax ginseng cultures as affected by methyl jasmonate

Adventitious roots of ginseng were treated with methyl jasmonate (MJ) up to 150m and cultured for 40days. Up to 100m MJ inhibited the root growth but increase ginsenoside accumulation. In a two-stage bioreactor culture, total ginsenosides, after elicitation with 100 m MJ peaked after 10days at 48mgg^–1 dry wt and then dropped sharply. Of the two groups of ginsenosides (Rb and Rg), higher amounts of Rb accumulated in the adventitious roots.Revisions requested; 2 July 2004; Revisions received 30 June 2004; 3 September 2004     

Asian ginseng extract inhibits in vitro and in vivo growth of mouse lewis lung carcinoma via modulation of ERK‐p53 and NF‐κB signaling

Asian ginseng (AG) is the most commonly used medicinal herb in Asian countries. It is often prescribed for cancer patients as a complementary remedy. However, whether AG in fact benefits cancer patients remains unknown because some studies reported that AG facilitates tumor growth, which contradicts its usage as a dietary remedy to cancer patients. In addition, most of research works on ginseng for anti‐cancer were using single ginsenoside rather than whole root extracts used in clinics. Thus, intensive studies using the type of ginseng as its clinical form are necessary to validate its benefits to cancer patients. In this study, anti‐tumor potency and underlying molecular mechanisms of the ethanol extract of AG (EAG) were examined in mice with Lewis lung carcinoma (LLC‐1). We showed that EAG significantly suppressed tumor growth in LLC‐1‐bearing mice with concomitant down‐regulation of PCNA proliferative marker, and it exhibited specific cytotoxicity to cancer cells. EAG also induced MAPK and p53 signaling in LLC‐1 cells, which suppressed cyclin B–cdc2 complex and in turn induced G2–M arrest and apoptosis. Although EAG could activate NF‐κB signaling, the proteasome inhibitor of MG‐132 could effectively prevent NF‐κB targeted gene expression induced by EAG and then sensitize LLC‐1 cells to induce EAG‐mediated apoptosis. Collectively, EAG in a relatively high dose significantly suppressed tumor growth in LLC‐1‐bearing mice, indicating that AG may benefit lung cancer patients as a dietary supplement. This is the first report demonstrating possible combination of EAG with proteasome inhibitors could be a novel strategy in anti‐cancer treatment. J. Cell. Biochem. 111: 899–910, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.     

Protection of Staphylococcus aureus-infected septic mice by suppression of early acute inflammation and enhanced antimicrobial activity by ginsan

Ginsan, an acidic polysaccharide prepared from Panax ginseng, demonstrated multiple immunomodulatory effects in previous studies. This study was conducted to elucidate the antiseptic mechanism induced by ginsan in mice infected with Staphylococcus aureus. When mice were treated with ginsan before the bacterial challenge with S. aureus, they were highly protected from sepsis-induced death. The numbers of S. aureus recovered from ginsan-treated mice were considerably lower than those recovered from nontreated mice. The in vivo depletion of monocytes/macrophages caused more S. aureus to be recovered from the bacteria-infected mice. Nevertheless, mice treated with both etoposide and ginsan were able to maintain an antibacterial activity. In addition, the phagocytic activity of ginsan-treated macrophage against S. aureus was considerably enhanced. The synthesis of inflammatory cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha interleukin (IL)-1beta, IL-6, IFN-gamma, IL-12, IL-18 and interferon gamma, was significantly downregulated at the early phase of sepsis in mice that were treated with ginsan before the bacterial challenge. Expression of Toll-like receptors (TLRs), including TLR2, TLR4, and TLR9, as well as the adaptor molecule MyD88, was considerably reduced in peritoneal macrophages that were treated with ginsan before a subsequent contact with S. aureus. These data indicated that ginsan protected mice from S. aureus-induced sepsis through the suppression of acute inflammatory responses at an early phase and the enhancement of antimicrobial activities at subsequent phases of infection.