Optimization of free ammonia concentration for nitrite accumulation in shortcut biological nitrogen removal process

A shortcut biological nitrogen removal (SBNR) utilizes the concept of a direct conversion of ammonium to nitrite and then to nitrogen gas. A successful SBNR requires accumulation of nitrite in the system and inhibition of the activity of nitrite oxidizers. A high concentration of free ammonia (FA) inhibits nitrite oxidizers, but unfortunately decreases the ammonium removal rate as well. Therefore, the optimal range of FA concentration is necessary not only to stabilize nitrite accumulation but also to achieve maximum ammonium removal. In order to derive such optimal FA concentrations, the specific substrate utilization rates of ammonium and nitrite oxidizers were measured. The optimal FA concentration range appeared to be 5–10 mg/L for the adapted sludge. The simulated results from the modified inhibition model expressed by FA and ammonium/nitrite concentrations were shown very similar to the experimental results.     

两种供氮水平下水稻生长后期相关性状的QTL定位

以特青为母本与Lemont杂交,然后用特青为轮回亲本回交,建立特青背景下的染色体片段置换系（CSSL）群体。在正常和低氮条件下分别在生长后期对株高（PH）、单株穗数（PN）、叶绿素含量（CC）、地上部干物重（SDW）和单株籽粒产量（YD）等性状进行了QTL分析,共检测到31个QTL。其中在正常供氮水平下控制PH、PN、CC、SDW和YD的QTL数目均为3个;在低氮水平下检测到5、4、5和2个影响PH、PN、CC和SDW的QTL,在低氮水平下没有检测到控制YD的位点。大部分QTL集中在第2、3、7、11和12染色体上,影响不同性状或在两种供氮水平下影响同一性状的QTL在染色体上成串或成簇分布。其中RM30-RM439、RM18-RM478、RM309-RM270、RM235-RM17等区域同时检测到控制两个以上性状的QTL,表现出明显的一因多效现象。推测仅在低氮水平下检测到的QTL可能跟水稻对低氮胁迫耐性有一定的关联。     

Spatial and temporal variation of atmospheric nitrogen deposition in the North China Plain

A monitoring network of nine sites was established to determine the spatial and temporal variation of atmospheric nitrogen (N) deposition in the North China Plain (NCP) over a two-year period. The annual bulk deposition of inorganic N in the North China Plain ranged from 18.4 to 38.5 kg/hm² and averaged 28.0 kg/hm². The concentration of NH₄ -N and NO₃^--N in rainwater averaged 3.76 and 1.85 mg/L, respectively, which were significantly higher than the values at background sites in China (normally less than 0.5 mg/L). Annual bulk deposition of inorganic N in the Beijing area (32.5 kg/hm²) was higher than that in Shandong and Hebei provinces (21.2 kg/hm² on an average). Also bulk N deposition was much greater in Dongbeiwang and Fangshan than in Yanqing and Shunyi counties. Significant spatial variation of bulk deposition was observed in the Beijing area because of variation of precipitation, and 60% of bulk deposition occurred from June to September. Bulk deposition of NH₄ -N was 2.0 times that of NO₃^--N deposition at the rural monitoring sites. However, the situation was reversed at the Beijing Academy of Agricultural-Forestry Sciences (BAAFS), the unique urban monitoring site. The results suggest that reduced N in precipitation is dominant in rural regions, but oxidized N is the major form in urban regions. The positive relationship between inorganic N deposition and precipitation can be fitted by a power equation (r²= 0.67), showing an increase of NH₄ -N and NO₃^--N inputs with increased precipitation. Wet deposition of N accounted for 73% of the bulk deposition, implying that dry deposition of N, particularly NH₄ -N from dust, is important in the North China Plain.     

Effects of increased atmospheric CO2 on nutritional contents in poplar (Populus pseudo-simonii [Kitag.]) tissues and larval growth of gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar)

Changes in the concentrations of phytochemical compounds usually occur when plants are grown under elevated atmospheric CO₂. CO₂-induced changes in foliar chemistry tend to reduce leaf quality and may further affect insect herbivores. Increased atmospheric CO₂ also has a potential influence on decomposition because it causes variations in chemical components of plant tissues. To investigate the effects of increased atmospheric CO₂ on the nutritional contents of tree tissues and the activities of leaf-chewing forest insects, samples of Populus pseudo-simonii [Kitag.] grown in open-top chambers under ambient and elevated CO₂ (650 μmol mol^-1) conditions were collected for measuring concentrations of carbon, nitrogen, C : N ratio, soluble sugar and starch in leaves, barks, coarse roots (>2 mm in diameter) and fine roots (<2 mm in diameter). Gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar) larvae were reared on a single branch of experimental trees in a nylon bag with 1 mm 1 mm grid. The response of larval growth was observed in situ. Elevated CO₂ resulted in significant reduction in nitrogen concentration and increase in C : N ratio of all poplar tissues. In all tissues, total carbon contents were not affected by CO₂ treatments. Soluble sugar and nonstructural carbohydrate (TNC) in the poplar leaves significantly increased with CO₂ enrichment, whereas starch concentration increased only on partial sampling dates. Carbohydrate concentration in roots and barks was generally not affected by elevated CO₂, whereas soluble sugar contents in fine roots decreased in response to elevated CO₂. When second instar gypsy moth larvae consuming poplars grew under elevated CO₂ for the first 13 days, their body weight was 30.95% lower than that of larvae grown at ambient CO₂, but no significant difference was found when larvae were fed in the same treatment for the next 11 days. Elevated atmospheric CO₂ had adverse effects on the nutritional quality of Populus pseudo-simonii [Kitag.] tissues and the resultant variations in foliar chemical components had a significant but negative effect on the growth of early instar gypsy moth larvae.     

Exchange of Proton and Major Elements in Two-Layer Canopies Under Acid Rain in a Subtropical Evergreen Forest in Central-South China

Canopy exchanges of H^＋ and N （NH4^＋-N, NO3^--N） and other major ions were evaluated and quantified In twolayer canopies based on throughfall measurements in Shaoshan Forest during the period 2000-2002, central-south China, The collected annual rainfall, throughfall, and sub-throughfall were 1 401, 1 191, and 1 084 mm/year, respectively. Fifteen percent and 8% of rainfall （or 9% of throughfall） were intercepted by the top canopy and sub-canopy layers, respectively, The foliar leaching of base cations from the top canopy was significantly higher than that from the sub-canopy, and the latter accounted for 25% of the former. The uptake of H^＋ and NH4^＋ was significantly higher in the top canopy than in the sub-canopy, indicating that the canopy buffering capacity in the top canopy was stronger than the sub-canopy; Mg^2＋ can be absorbed from water flux on the sub-canopy foliar surfaces to compensate for the Mg deficit in the forest soil during the growing season,     

废水自养生物脱氮技术研究进展

基于短程硝化和厌氧氨氧化的自养脱氮工艺是生物脱氮领域研究的热点,它的发现为低碳氮比废水的处理提供了新的思路。近些年来,人们陆续开发了SHARON、ANAMMOX、CANON、OLAND等自养生物脱氮工艺,进一步推动了高效、低耗脱氮技术的开发和研究。本文从工艺原理、特点等方面,对自养生物脱氮工艺的国内外研究状况进行了总结和对比,并提出了存在的问题及发展方向。     

陆地生态系统氮饱和对植物影响的生理生态机制

由于化石燃料的燃烧、含氮化肥的使用以及畜牧业等人类活动的影响,向大气中排放的含氮化合物数量不断上升,从而引起大气氮沉降的增加,使得某些陆地生态系统出现氮饱和现象。丈章综述了全球氮沉降与陆地生态系统氮饱和现状,探讨了氮饱和对植物光合作用、养分平衡和抗逆性的影响机制。     

正交试验法分析环境因子对苦草生长的影响

苦草(Vallisneria natans),是我国长江中下游淡水水体中常见的沉水植物种类。通过室内模拟正交试验的方法,研究不同光照强度、温度和总氮浓度(3光照×3温度×3总氮浓度)对苦草生长的影响。结果表明:(1)苦草在5320lx光照强度、10℃、2—4mg/L水体总氮浓度的条件下生长良好。实验所设100%(12000lx)和50%(5320lx)光照条件下苦草均可正常生长;但对于30℃的高温胁迫耐受性较差;苦草在总氮浓度为4mg/L的水体中各生长指标达到最大值,2mg/L或8mg/L的总氮浓度均会抑制其生长。(2)5320lx的光照强度和10℃的温度对苦草光合色素的合成较为有利;而单纯总氮浓度的变化对苦草光合色素的合成影响不大。(3)苦草的生理活性在高于12000lx或低于1025lx的光强、高于30℃的温度以及8mg/L的总氮浓度下均会受到一定程度的抑制。(4)方差分析结果显示,苦草生长发育的过程中,光照强度和温度是主效环境因子;上述3个环境因子对苦草光合色素的合成均有极显著的影响,并且光强与温度的交互作用对其也有显著影响;光照强度、温度以及这两个环境因子的交互作用为影响苦草生理活性的主效因子。苦草作为不能形成冠层的基生叶莲座型沉水植物,对光强要求不高,对低温的耐受性较好,但较不耐高营养盐浓度,因此,在得到一定修复的富营养化水体中,可以作为秋、冬季水生植物恢复和重建的关键物种。     

克隆植物中国沙棘生长对外源植物激素的响应

关于植物克隆生长调节问题,目前集中于外在机制的研究。为了探讨中国沙棘克隆生长调节的内在机制,采用3×3回归设计进行田间试验,期望了解不同生长性状对IAA和CTK用量及其配比的响应规律。结果表明:(1)生长性状对激素用量的响应规律呈典型的钟形曲面模式,即各生长指标均存在一个产量峰值,峰值以前生长指标随IAA、CTK用量的增大而提高,峰值以后生长指标随IAA、CTK用量的增大而下降。(2)不同生长指标对激素用量及其配比的响应规律具有一定差异,较高的IAA比例有利于促进树高生长,较高的CTK比例有利于促进地径和冠幅生长,而几乎相等的IAA和CTK用量有利于种群生物量积累。(3)在激素用量适宜的情况下,中国沙棘生长潜力得到充分发挥,形成高大的个体,较多的子株,有利于提高种群对生境资源的占据和利用,并提高排斥其他植物种类入侵的能力;当激素用量过高或过低时,中国沙棘以降低生长量为代价,形成矮小的个体,减少子株数量,有利于削弱个体之间的竞争。这一结果为了解中国沙棘克隆生长内在调节机制提供了线索。(4)根据不同生长指标的激素效应方程,求出了相应的IAA和CTK的最佳用量和最佳配比,以及合理施激素区域和最低成本线。(5)克隆子株数量增幅与地径和冠幅生长量增幅呈极显著正相关、与种群生物量增幅呈显著正相关,即适宜的IAA和CTK用量既可加速个体生长、也能促进克隆子株的产生。