Culture of Risk in Vulnerable Communities: The Case of Barranquilla,Colombia, in the Context of Globalized (In)Security

This article addresses both the culture of risk as an analytical and intervention category in vulnerable communities. The main objective is to show that risk analysis and intervention is only viable when the cultural values of the communities that face a particular kind of vulnerability are taken into account. We present the results from a study of a representative sample of vulnerable communities in Barranquilla, Colombia, in which various techniques of data collection were applied to identify the perception of risk and its relationship with the cultural typologies developed by Cultural Theory. We explain the causes and effects of perception and response when faced with risk in different contexts.     

基于海岛生态脆弱性模拟的朱家尖岛空间管控对策

近10年来,桥隧连陆型海岛数量快速增长,这类工程的建设改善了海岛的交通可达性,使得海岛旅游人口快速增长,实现了海岛经济的快速发展.而旅游人口的快速增加和海岛土地利用结构的变化,使得海岛生态脆弱性增加.为实现海岛生态系统的科学管理,科学评价和预测海岛生态系统脆弱性变化趋势及敏感区域,制定不同区域的生态系统管理方式显得尤为迫切.本研究构建了海岛生态脆弱性评价模型,评估了朱家尖岛生态脆弱性现状,以2015年作为基期模拟未来20年旅游人口和土地利用变化,以及未来20年的海岛生态脆弱性变化,在此基础上分析脆弱性变化的敏感区域,并提出相应的管理措施.结果表明:朱家尖岛目前的生态系统处于良好状态,中度和重度脆弱性面积相对较小.随着朱家尖岛旅游人口增加和岛陆开发强度的增强,海岛生态系统趋于脆弱,其中,高脆弱性面积增加,低脆弱性面积减少.针对脆弱性评估的结果结合敏感性分析,将朱家尖岛划分为禁止开发区、限制开发区和有条件开发区,以实现精细化管理.     

Assessing household livelihood vulnerability to climate change: The case of Northwest Vietnam

This study applied livelihood vulnerability index (LVI) and livelihood effect index (LEI) to assess vulnerability from climate variability and change of three agricultural and natural resources dependent commune in northwest Vietnam, a country that is expected to bear some of the most severe impacts of climate change. Based on a survey of 335 farm household data, complemented with secondary data on climate factors, a composite index was calculated and differential vulnerabilities were compared. The results of the analysis suggest that one of the communities, “Pa Vay Su,” was more vulnerable than the others, particularly in relation to housing, knowledge and skills, socio-demographics, health and water security, social networks, and livelihood strategy. “Hien Luong” commune, on the other hand, was more vulnerable in relation to other LVI indicators with the exception of food security, climate variability, and natural disasters. “Moc Chau” community was more vulnerable in relation to water security, social demographic than Hien Luong commune. Overall, the article shows that three different vulnerability assessment indices can be broadly applied in comparable setting in other areas of country and they could usefully establish the basis for a nationally applicable index to identify and prioritize adaptation and mitigation needs.     

Applying a framework for landscape planning under climate change for the conservation of biodiversity in the Finnish boreal forest

Conservation strategies are often established without consideration of the impact of climate change. However, this impact is expected to threaten species and ecosystem persistence and to have dramatic effects towards the end of the 21st century. Landscape suitability for species under climate change is determined by several interacting factors including dispersal and human land use. Designing effective conservation strategies at regional scales to improve landscape suitability requires measuring the vulnerabilities of specific regions to climate change and determining their conservation capacities. Although methods for defining vulnerability categories are available, methods for doing this in a systematic, cost‐effective way have not been identified. Here, we use an ecosystem model to define the potential resilience of the Finnish forest landscape by relating its current conservation capacity to its vulnerability to climate change. In applying this framework, we take into account the responses to climate change of a broad range of red‐listed species with different niche requirements. This framework allowed us to identify four categories in which representation in the landscape varies among three IPCC emission scenarios (B1, low; A1B, intermediate; A2, high emissions): (i) susceptible (B1 = 24.7%, A1B = 26.4%, A2 = 26.2%), the most intact forest landscapes vulnerable to climate change, requiring management for heterogeneity and resilience; (ii) resilient (B1 = 2.2%, A1B = 0.5%, A2 = 0.6%), intact areas with low vulnerability that represent potential climate refugia and require conservation capacity maintenance; (iii) resistant (B1 = 6.7%, A1B = 0.8%, A2 = 1.1%), landscapes with low current conservation capacity and low vulnerability that are suitable for restoration projects; (iv) sensitive (B1 = 66.4%, A1B = 72.3%, A2 = 72.0%), low conservation capacity landscapes that are vulnerable and for which alternative conservation measures are required depending on the intensity of climate change. Our results indicate that the Finnish landscape is likely to be dominated by a very high proportion of sensitive and susceptible forest patches, thereby increasing uncertainty for landscape managers in the choice of conservation strategies.     

磷肥对土壤中镉的植物有效性影响及其机理

为寻求保障镉污染农田稻米质量安全的有效措施,采用盆栽方法研究了低镉磷肥(Cd＜0.2 mg·kg^-1)及不同施磷量(0.10、0.20 g P₂O₅·kg^-1)对污染稻田土壤中(潮泥田)镉的植物有效性影响,并探讨了相关机理.结果表明： 在0.10 g·kg^-1磷剂量水平下,与对照(无磷肥)相比,钙镁磷和磷酸二氢钾处理显著提高了土壤pH和降低了土壤镉活性,钙镁磷和过磷酸钙处理显著降低了水稻对镉的吸收累积;当施磷量增至0.20 g·kg^-1时,磷酸氢钙处理显著提高了土壤pH和降低了土壤镉活性,钙镁磷、磷酸二氢钾和磷酸氢钙处理下DTPA提取态镉含量降低11.8%、9.8%和11.8%,NH₄OAc提取态镉含量降低9.5%、7.1%和7.1%;5种磷肥处理均显著降低了水稻茎叶中镉含量(降幅24.9%～50.8%),除磷酸氢钙处理外,糙米镉含量的降幅均达到显著水平,钙镁磷和过磷酸钙处理下糙米镉含量接近国家粮食卫生标准(GB 2715-2005).5种供试磷肥中,能提高土壤pH的磷肥(钙镁磷、磷酸二氢钾和磷酸氢钙)降低土壤镉有效性的效果显著,含钙磷肥(钙镁磷和过磷酸钙)降低水稻镉积累的效果较好.磷肥化学性质的差异可能是影响其效果的主要原因,选择碱性含钙磷肥对控制污染农田中作物吸收累积镉更有效.     

山东埕口盐场海欣分场卤虫种群生态调查

卤虫在盐田生态系统的生物调控中起着重要作用.为探讨盐田生态环境对卤虫种群的影响,选取盐度由低到高的盐池6个,采用连续定点取样、现场测量及实验室分析相结合的方法,对相关生态因子进行了调查.结果表明:卤水温度随季节变化而变化,且随卤水盐度升高而小幅增加;pH随卤水盐度升高而略有降低;卤水中叶绿素a含量与自然海水相比普遍较低(＜0.3μg·L-1);总氮和总磷浓度随卤水盐度的增加而显著升高,且较低盐度下氮为限制性元素,而较高盐度下磷为限制性元素;卤虫种群密度随卤水温度和盐度的变化而变化,在较低盐度(7 ～12°Bé)和较高温度(6-8月)下卤虫种群密度较高.分析雌雄卤虫性比表明:埕口盐场为孤雌和两性生殖卤虫混合种群,盐度和温度对孤雌和两性生殖卤虫种群密度均有一定影响;春夏季和低盐度环境下孤雌品系卤虫种群占绝对优势,而在秋季和较高盐度下两性生殖种群卤虫种群逐渐占据优势.     

环渤海五省市生态风险评价

生态风险评价是近20年来兴起的一个研究热点,是地理学、生态学、环境风险评价等领域的综合交叉点。对生态风险进行研究,有助于了解研究区内的生态环境状况,从而降低生态风险,改善人地关系。环渤海地区是人地矛盾非常突出的典型区域。本文参考美国环保署(USEPA)的框架,根据相对风险评价模型的分级排序思想,评估环渤海五省市的单项及综合生态风险值。采用生态资产表征生态终点,进行风险受体的损失度量;通过构建评价指标体系,采用主成分分析和ArcGIS加权叠加的方法,进行受体环境的脆弱性评价;基于土地利用和植被斑块数据,利用景观格局指数法评价生态系统的结构易损性。结果表明:海陆交错带、山地丘陵区和城市是典型的高生态风险区域;低风险区域主要分布在地形、水热、植被状况好、灾害频次低的平原和部分丘陵地区。对于高风险的区域,做好风险防范至关重要。     

Flattening of Caribbean coral reefs: region-wide declines in architectural complexity

Coral reefs are rich in biodiversity, in large part because their highly complex architecture provides shelter and resources for a wide range of organisms. Recent rapid declines in hard coral cover have occurred across the Caribbean region, but the concomitant consequences for reef architecture have not been quantified on a large scale to date. We provide, to our knowledge, the first region-wide analysis of changes in reef architectural complexity, using nearly 500 surveys across 200 reefs, between 1969 and 2008. The architectural complexity of Caribbean reefs has declined nonlinearly with the near disappearance of the most complex reefs over the last 40 years. The flattening of Caribbean reefs was apparent by the early 1980s, followed by a period of stasis between 1985 and 1998 and then a resumption of the decline in complexity to the present. Rates of loss are similar on shallow (<6 m), mid-water (6–20 m) and deep (>20 m) reefs and are consistent across all five subregions. The temporal pattern of declining architecture coincides with key events in recent Caribbean ecological history: the loss of structurally complex Acropora corals, the mass mortality of the grazing urchin Diadema antillarum and the 1998 El Nino Southern Oscillation-induced worldwide coral bleaching event. The consistently low estimates of current architectural complexity suggest regional-scale degradation and homogenization of reef structure. The widespread loss of architectural complexity is likely to have serious consequences for reef biodiversity, ecosystem functioning and associated environmental services.     

生态脆弱性及其研究进展

生态脆弱性已成为当前全球变化与可持续发展研究中的热点问题.有关生态脆弱性的研究,正逐渐从重点考察某单一生态要素发展到关注区域人地系统的整体性响应.当前生态脆弱性研究的内容主要包括系统变化分析、系统自身的敏感性与外部扰动的潜在影响,人地系统的适应性等.主要的研究方法有情景分析法、生态模拟法和指标评价法.目前生态脆弱性研究中存在的问题主要是情景分析与模拟的不确定性、适应性能力与社会经济发展的关系不明晰、自然因素与社会经济因素脆弱性研究相对不足等.生态脆弱性未来研究的重点是推进脆弱性研究多学科、跨尺度的融合,加强脆弱性中自然与人文因素的厘定和耦合研究,并开展基于历史变化史实的生态脆弱性实证分析.而作为脆弱性研究归宿,适应性研究不仅需要探讨能力建设和策略优化,还应深入研究适应性能力阈值与社会经济发展的关系以及国家、区域和群体之间适应性能力的总体协调与管理.最后,需要加强人地系统对极端自然灾害事件的脆弱性的研究.