Are unmanned aircraft systems (UASs) the future of wildlife monitoring? A review of accomplishments and challenges

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Evaluating success of various restorative interventions through drone‐ and field‐collected data,using six putative framework species in Argentinian Patagonia

Field data and unmanned aerial vehicles, also known as drones, were used to analyze a long‐term experiment in a severely degraded area of the “Monte,” one of the most arid and degraded biomes in Argentina. Field methods and drone orthoimages obtained from flights of a quadcopter at 20 and 40 m were used to compare plantation plots versus natural recovery on scarified sites, and the field performance of six putative framework species under four different treatments was evaluated. After 5 years of recovery in soils with almost no organic matter and mean annual rainfall averaging 145 mm, plantation plots had high survival rates (>65%) for all species as determined through both field survey and drone imagery. Three species were planted with a greater number of seedlings due to their availability in nurseries. For these species experimental treatments were studied statistically. Independently of treatment applied (control; 1/2 L hydrogel; 1 L hydrogel; 1 L of hydrogel + 1/2 kg of organic compost), highest survival rates were found for P. flexuosa var. depressa (88% ± 14.8) and A. lampa (84% ± 14.8). Drone images and field data both showed that these two putative framework species had the highest plant cover. In sharp contrast, mechanical scarification without planting or other treatments induced very low recovery (<2%). We demonstrate that drone imagery provides a new and very valuable tool for evaluating and monitoring restorative interventions in drylands.     

Ecosystem functions in degraded riparian forests of southeastern Kenya

Species community structures shape ecosystem functions, which are mostly stronger pronounced in intact than in degraded environments. Riparian forests in semiarid Africa provide important habitats for endangered plant and animal species and provide various ecosystem functions, that is, services to people settling along these streams. Most of these riparian forests are severely disturbed by human activities and dominated by invasive exotic plant species in the meanwhile. Thus, ecosystem functions are negatively influenced. While most studies have analyzed a specific metric to measure the degree of ecosystem function, little is known about how strongly different ecosystem functions respond to anthropogenic disturbances in parallel. In this study, we analyzed a set of four proxies of ecosystem functions, ground‐dwelling arthropod abundances, pollination, seed dispersal, and predation, along a highly disturbed riparian forest in southeastern Kenya. We assessed the land cover and land use manually and with an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle. Our data show that ecosystem functions respond differently to vegetation cover, human disturbances, and the availability of the invasive exotic shrub Lantana camara. The occurrence of representatives from the groups Saltatoria and Formicidae profits from heterogeneous habitat structures and natural riparian forest, while representatives of the Araneae profit from high proportion of agricultural fields. In general, predation is higher in mixed land use and natural riparian forest, while pollination and seed dispersal showed no significant trend in regard on land coverage. Along with this, predation also increased with rising proportion of natural riparian forest, while the proportion of agricultural land negatively affects predation, but in parallel showed a slightly significant positive trend with seed dispersal. Human disturbances and the occurrence of the invasive exotic L. camara shrub did not significantly affect our metrics of ecosystem functioning, except of the negative impact of human disturbances on pollinators. In conclusion, our results underpin that ecosystem functions respond highly variable and individually to environmental changes.     

羽化和性成熟时中华蜜蜂蜂王和雄蜂转录组分析

【目的】为了系统了解中华蜜蜂Apis cerana cerana蜂王和雄蜂转录组特征,丰富蜜蜂转录组数据信息。【方法】本研究利用高通量测序的方法分别检测中华蜜蜂蜂王和雄蜂刚出房、性成熟时期以及性成熟期蜂王生殖系统和雄蜂生殖系统之间转录组表达差异。【结果】经过测序获得质量值不低于20的碱基比例（Q20）均高于90%;所有reads组装成90 839个unigenes,平均长度1 549 bp;基于5个数据库(NR,Swiss Prot,GO,COG和KEGG)进行比对,共有45 112个unigenes被注释。差异基因表达分析发现,与刚出房时相比,性成熟的蜂王和雄蜂均在表皮蛋白、细胞色素P450、气味结合蛋白等家族基因上存在显著差异表达,而且这些差异表达基因与蜜蜂生长发育和性成熟过程中蜜蜂骨骼发育、生殖系统发育、嗅觉发育等方面有关;性成熟蜂王与性成熟雄蜂之间以及它们生殖系统之间在气味结合蛋白基因方面存在显著差异。【结论】结果表明,中华蜜蜂在性成熟过程中,体内大量基因的表达发生了变化。这些结果揭示了中华蜜蜂性成熟发育的整体基因表达特征,在得到大量转录组unigene序列的同时,获得了一批与蜜蜂性成熟有关的基因序列,为深入开展中华蜜蜂生长发育与繁殖研究提供了丰富的数据资源。     

中、西蜂间自然交尾干扰问题的观察

中西蜂蜂王性引诱信息素对中、西蜂雄蜂具有交互引诱交尾作用 ,且处女王婚飞和雄蜂出游时间一致。在中、西蜂 (主要指意蜂 )混养区 ,空中交尾竞争处于劣势的中蜂 ,受到西蜂严重干扰而繁殖受阻 ,是中蜂在平原等地区日益缩减多因素中的一个重要原因。蜂种间“自然交尾干扰”论点的提出 ,为保护中蜂资源、发展中蜂生产提供了科学依据。     

Detectability and visibility biases associated with using a consumer‐grade unmanned aircraft to survey nesting colonial waterbirds

Surveys of colonial‐nesting waterbirds are needed to assess population trends and gain insight into the health of wetland ecosystems. Use of unmanned aerial systems (UAS) for such surveys has increased over the past decade, but possible sources of bias in surveys conducted with UAS have not been examined. We examined possible visibility biases associated with using a UAS to survey waterbird colonies in cypress‐tupelo watersheds and coastal island habitats in Texas in 2016. We used known numbers of four waterbird decoy types, including Black Skimmers (Rynchops niger), terns, and white‐ and dark‐plumaged herons, to estimate their detectability in each habitat. Six observers independently counted decoys from aerial imagery mosaics taken with a consumer‐grade, off‐the‐shelf quadcopter drone. We used generalized linear mixed‐effects models to estimate detection probabilities of each decoy type. Black Skimmers at the coastal island had a detection probability of just 53%. Detectability of both white‐ and dark‐plumaged herons was lower in the canopied cypress‐tupelo habitat than the coastal island. In addition, cloud cover > 50% further reduced detectability of white heron decoys in cypress‐tupelo habitat. Use of the double‐count method yielded biased‐low abundance estimates for white‐ and dark‐plumaged herons in canopied sites, suggesting that habitat differences were a greater source of bias than observer error. Black Skimmers were the only decoy type to be imperfectly detected at the coastal island, a surprising result given the stark contrast of their plumage with their sand and shell nesting substrate. Our results indicate that UAS‐derived photographic surveys are prone to low detection probabilities at sites where vegetation occludes nests. In habitats without canopy, however, UAS surveys show promise for obtaining accurate counts of terns, white herons, and dark herons.     

Some reproductive characteristics of honeybee drones in relation to their ages

The number of spermatozoa, length of testis, length of mucus gland and weights of drones were estimated in caged and free honeybee drones in relation to their ages. For this purpose, three Carniolan colonies were used as sources of drones and two were used as nursery colonies. The drones were held either in cages or freely in the queenless part of the nursery colonies. Measurements were carried out on samples of drones taken at 3-day intervals from 1–3, 4–6, 7–9, 10–12 and 13–15 days old. While the number of spermatozoa in drone testes decreased in both caged and free drones as the drone age increased, it increased gradually in the seminal vesicles. The results also showed that weight of drones and length of testes decreased, but the length of the mucus gland did not significantly differ with age. Further, the drones' weight, length of mucus gland and total number of spermatozoa tend to be slightly larger in the caged than in free drones. The total number of spermatozoa in all parts of the reproductive organs was lower in the older than younger drones; thus, the number of spermatozoa in the newly emerged drones does not help to predict the real number reaching the queen during mating.     

Variation in cownose ray Rhinoptera neglecta abundance and group size on the central east coast of Australia

Here, we provide baseline information about the relative abundance and group size of the Australian cownose ray Rhinoptera neglecta on the central east coast of Australia. Using drone monitoring over 2 years, we completed 293 transects, each 2 km in length, at four locations distributed along c.100 km of coast. In total, 5979 R. neglecta were observed with overall relative abundance (±SE) of, 20.4 (±3.3) individuals per transect. The numbers of R. neglecta varied among locations, with the highest density found off the beach adjacent to the river mouth at Evans Head. The number of rays observed also decreased with increasing wind speed. While some of this relationship was probably associated with visibility, R. neglecta may also move offshore during strong winds. We found no evidence that R. neglecta was under significant threat. Additionally, our cost-effective surveys demonstrate the utility of aerial drones in fisheries conservation biology.